N. Sharova BRITAIN th CENTURY IN THE 19
Monarchs: n King George III (1760 – 1820) n King George IV (1820 – 1830) n King William IV (1830 – 1837) n Queen Victoria (1837 – 1901)
King George III (1760 – 1820) n King George III was very ill by the beginning of the 19 th century. For the last 10 years of his life his son acted as Regent.
George IV n As Prince Regent, George IV helped to turn the little seaside town of Brighton into a fashionable resort. He built there a most unusual palace – the Pavillion.
Brighton Pavillion
William IV n William was the third son of George III and Queen Charlotte. He became King at the age of 64.
Queen Victoria n n Victoria was a girl of 18 when her uncle died. In 1840 Victoria married Prince Albert Saxe. Coburg Gotha. They had 9 children
Prince Albert and Queen Victoria
Foreign affairs n n In international relations the Victorian era was a long period of peace, known as the Pax Britannica, and economic, colonial, and industrial consolidation, temporarily disrupted by wars. 1854 - 56: Crimean War. 1854—Florence Nightingale goes to Crimea and organizes nursing during the war.
Foreign affairs • • • 1805: Battle of Trafalgar 1815: Battle of Waterloo 1857: Indian mutiny 1858—Government of India transferred to the Crown. 1876 : Victoria created Empress of India 1899 - 1902: Boer War
Florence Nightingale
Foreign affairs: colonial policy n n In 1882 Britain was in the later stages of acquiring the largest empire the world had ever seen. By the end of Victoria's reign, the British empire extended over about one-fifth of the earth's surface and almost a quarter of the world's population at least theoretically owed allegiance to the 'queen empress'. 1834: Slavery banned in British colonies.
Home affairs n n 1837– 67: Construction of neo-Gothic Houses of Parliament. 1844 -49: Great potato famine in Ireland. 1847: Ten Hours Act restricts working hours of children in factories. 1851: Great Exhibition at the Crystal Palace.
Crystal Palace n The 13, 000 exhibits were seen by 6. 2 million people.
Chartism n Chartism was a working-class movement for political reform in Britain between 1838 and 1848 which took its name from the People's Charter of 1838. The term "Chartism" is the umbrella name for numerous loosely coordinated local groups, often called "Working Men's Association", which peaked in 1839, 1842 and 1848.
Chartism n n n n The People's Charter called for six basic reforms to make the political system more democratic: Every man over 21 who is not a criminal or insane should be allowed to vote. Voting should be done in secret. Candidates should not need to be rich or own property to become a Member of Parliament. All Members of Parliament should be paid for doing their job. All electoral areas should represent the same number of people. Elections should be held annually.
A Chartist meeting
Home affairs 1867: Second Reform Act, extending vote to taxpaying males of the urban working class. 1868: Disraeli becomes Prime Minister; Last public execution (May 26); public hangings stopped becaused crime among spectators. 1870: Education Act, compulsory primary education until the age of 11. Married Women’s Property Act gives women the right to earn and keep money for their own use. n
Home affairs n n n 1872: Secret ballot made compulsory; 1874: Disraeli becomes Prime Minister for second time, governs until 1880. 1875: Disraeli buys Britain controlling interest in Suez Canal. 1884: Third Reform Act, extending voting rights to agricultural workers. 1891: Education made free for every child.
Science and Technology 1845—Brunel builds the S. S. Great Britain, the first propeller-driven steamship. 1851—First telegraph cable laid across the English Channel. 1856—Henry Bessemer invents blast furnace, permitting mass production of steel. 1857: First telegraph cable laid across the Atlantic. 1875—First intelligible telephone communication made by Bell 1881—Founding of Tit. Bits periodical by George Newnes. Electric light first used domestically. 1885—Karl Benz invents the first automobile.
Victorian literature n n n Jane Austen, Ch. Dickens, William Thackeray, Emily and Charlotte Brontë create the trend of critical realism 1865: Lewis Carroll’s Alice in Wonderland. 1883: Robert Louis Stevenson’s Treasure Island. 1887: Arthur Conan Doyle’s A Study in Scarlet, the first Sherlock Holmes story. 1891: Oscar Wilde’s Picture of Dorian Gray, Salome, “The Critic as Artist, ”
Painting n n 1848—Founding of Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. 1852—Opening of the Victoria and Albert Museum. 1857—Founding of National Portrait Gallery. 1897—Official opening of the Tate Gallery, founded by Sir Henry Tate
Buckingham palace
