N. Sharova BRITAIN th CENTURY IN THE 18
Early modern Britain n Early modern Britain is the history of Great Britain, roughly corresponding to the 16 th, 17 th, and 18 th centuries. Major historical events in Early Modern British history include the English Renaissance, the English Reformation and Scottish Reformation, the English Civil War, the Restoration of Charles II, the Glorious Revolution, the Treaty of Union, the Enlightenment and the formation of the First British Empire
Monarchs: n n Queen Anne Stuart (1702 - 1714) King George I Hanover (1714 – 1727) n King George II (1727 – 1760) n King George III (1760 – 1820)
Queen Anne (1702 – 1714) n Queen Anne was the last Stuart on the British throne
George I Hanover n At the age of 54, after the death of Queen Anne of Great Britain, George ascended the British throne. Although over fifty Roman Catholics bore closer blood relationships to Anne, the Act of Settlement 1701 prohibited Catholics from inheriting the British throne; George was Anne's closest living Protestant relative.
George II (1727 - 1760) n George II was not a particularly attractive character, he was prone to rages against anyone with whom he differed, in the course of which he kicked his coat and wig about. He was a tall man, with the Hanoverian bulging blue eyes, he was of limited intelligence who could be arrogant, vain and obstinate.
George III (1760 – 1820) n George III became seriously ill in 1788. The illness was considered madness at the time, but modern research has suggested that he actually suffered from a severe form of porphyria, a metabolic disorder caused by chemical insufficiency in hemoglobin production. In 1810, he suffered a total relapse, from which he was never to recover.
Foreign affairs n n n • n 1701– 1714: War of the Spanish Succession was a conflict which involved most of Europe. General John Churchill, later the 1 st Duke of Marlborough, routed the French at the Battle of Blenheim, on 13 August 1704. 1713: Treaty of Utrecht ended the War of the Spanish Succession 1727– 1729: Anglo-Spanish War 1740– 1748: War of the Austrian Succession
Foreign affairs: colonial policy n n 1773: East India Company starts operations in Bengal to smuggle Opium into China. 1775– 1782: The First Anglo-Maratha War was the first of three Anglo-Maratha wars fought between the British East India Company and Maratha Empire in India. The war began with the Treaty of Surat and ended with the Treaty of Salbai. Britain lost some territories. 1772– 1775: Cook on his Second voyage 1788: First convicts transported to Botany Bay in Australia. (Five miles south of present day Sydney)
Foreign affairs: colonial policy n n n • 1775– 1783: American Revolutionary War 1776: United States Declaration of Independenceadopted by the Continental Congress in Philadelphia. 1789: George Washington elected President of the United States. Served until 1797. 1787: United States Constitution was written in Philadelphia and submitted to the states for ratification. 1789– 1799: The French Revolution 1793: Napoleonic wars begin
Home affairs n n 1707: Act of Union with Scotland 1715: First Jacobite rebellion breaks out - British halt Jacobite advance at the Battle of Sheriffmuir; Battle of Preston 1721: Robert Walpole became the first Prime Minister of Great Britain (a Whig) 1740– 1741: Famine in Ireland killed ten per cent of the population
Home affairs: development of science and technology • • • n n 1712: The Steam Engine invented by Thomas Newcomen 1733: Flying shuttle invented by John Kay 1740: Modern steel was developed by Benjamin Huntsman 1764: The Spinning Jenny created by James Hargreavesbrought on the Industrial Revolution 1765: James Watt enhances Newcomen's steam engine, allowing new steel technologies 1776: The Steamboat invented by Claude de Jouffroy 1777: The Circular saw invented by Samuel Miller
The Spinning Jenny
James Watt’s steam engine
18 th century literature n n n n • 1704: A Tale of a Tub by Jonathan Swift 1719: Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe 1725: The New Science by Giambattista Vico 1726: Gulliver's Travels by Jonathan Swift 1748: Clarissa by Samuel Richardson 1749: The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling by Henry Fielding 1751: Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard by Thomas Gray 1789: Songs of Innocence by William Blake 1794: Songs of Experience by William Blake
Cultural life in Britain: journalism u 1622 -1623: the first weekly magazine “A Current of General News” began to be published. Political pamphlets and moral tracts were published cheaply and distributed widely. u 1701– 1702: The Daily Courant and The Norwich Post become the first daily newspapers in England.
Journalism n n n The first important periodical was “The Review”, published single-handedly by Daniel Defoe from 1704 to 1713; Jonathan Swift published“The Examiner“from 1710 to 1711. Richard Steele, influenced by Defoe, set up The Tatler in 1709 as a publication of the news and gossip heard in London coffeehouses, hence the title. It presented Whiggish views and created guidelines for middle-class manners. Jonathan Swift wrote his greatest satires for The Examiner,
Coffee houses n Coffee-houses were fashionable meeting places for political, philosophical and cultural debates. Politicians and businessmen could sit, discuss and read newspapers.
Theatre n Two eighteenth century writers of comedy were Sheridan who wrote The Rivals and The School for Scandal and Oliver Goldsmith who wrote She Stoops to Conquer. John Gay authored the popular The Beggar's Opera, updated in the twentieth-century playwright by Bertolt Brecht in The Threepenny Opera.
English Painting n The Royal Academy of Art was founded by King George III in 1768. The 34 Founding Members were a group of prominent artists and architects including Sir Joshua Reynolds. The Academy became a place for exhibitions that were open to the public. The father of English painting is William Hogarth. (Marriage a-la mode)
Marriage Settlement
Joshua Reynolds n Sir Joshua Reynolds’ self portrait
Joshua Reynolds Colonel Tarleton, 1782 n
Thomas Gainsborough n Colonel George K.
Thomas Gainsborough n Mrs. Sheridan
Thomas Gainsborough n A lady in blue
Georgian Architecture n n Georgian architecture is the name given in most English-speaking countries to the set of architectural styles current between 1720 and 1820. Georgian style was the English-speaking world's equivalent of European Rococo. From the mid-1760 s a range of Neoclassical modes were fashionable John Nash was one of the most prolific architects of the late Georgian era known as The Regency style, he was responsible for designing large areas of London. and Bath.
Georgian Architecture n Bath, the Circus
A typical Georgian house of the eighteenth century was elegant and formal in style. n Senate House, Cambridge
Features of Georgian style n • Pillars in the front of the house Square symmetrical shape.
Georgian Architecture, Bank of England n The Bank's headquarters have been in London's main financial district, the City of London, on. Threadneedle Street, since 1734.
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