n n n Why do you use deodorant

n n n Why do you use deodorant? Why do girls carry purses? Why do you take your hat off when you eat? Why do you put your hand over your mouth when you yawn?

Norms n Rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members

Prescriptive Norms n n What we should do Ex. - You should practice safe sex

Proscriptive norms Mandating what it is we should not do n You should not have casual sex n

Mores n n A society’s standards of proper moral conduct Apply to everyone all the time – often they are our LAWS !

Folkways Society’s customs of routine, casual interaction n The line between right and rude n Will vary place to place n

Internalization of Norms n Process by which a norm becomes a part of an individual’s personality, thus conditioning that individual to conform to society’s expectations.

Sanctions n Rewards or punishments used to enforce conformity to norms. n They can be positive or negative n They can also be formal or informal n And many times sanctions are a source of conflict!

Positive vs. Negative n n Positive sanction n An action that rewards a particular kind of behavior Negative sanction n A punishment or a threat of punishment used to enforce conformity

Formal vs. Informal n Formal sanction n n A reward or punishment given by a formal organization, business, or government Informal sanction n A spontaneous expression of approval or disapproval given by an individual or group

Positive Formal Sanction n n Graduation certificate Pay raise Promotion Any award or medal

Positive Informal Sanction Standing ovation n Compliment n Smile n Pat on the back n Gift n

Negative Formal Sanction n n Low grades Suspension from school Fired from a job Fine Imprisonment

Negative Informal Sanction n n n Frown Gossip Rebuke (turned away) Insult Ridicule Ostracism

Conflict with sanctions n n n Norms of different groups (subculture; counterculture) clash n Subculture – holds unique values n Counterculture – rejects and replaces n Seen as a challenge to authority No universality – ex. School rules applied differently to groups Don’t understand folkways

How do sociologists study a changing society? n They break culture down into levels and study them separately. n n n Traits Complexes Patterns

Culture traits n An individual tool, act, or belief that is related to a particular situation or need

n n n You will say “Hey” to friends and acquaintances, but “Hello” or “Hi” to your boss Using a knife, fork, or spoon when eating is a culture trait A football, cleats, helmets, pads, first-aid kits are all culture traits

Culture complex n n A cluster of interrelated traits If the football is a trait, what then is the complex?

Culture pattern n n A combination of a number of culture complexes into an interrelated whole If the game of football is a complex, what is the culture pattern?

n How does culture change?

How does culture change? n n n Values and beliefs Technology Population Diffusion Physical environment Wars and conquest

Values and beliefs n From a Structural Functional view n n A change in ideology can change some or all aspects of society Social Movements

Technology n When people find new ways to manipulate their environment n n Invention Discovery

Population n The arrival of new groups with different cultural traits. This impacts. . . n Food, language, clothing, ideas, etc. n Relationship with government n Closeness of relations with others n Average of population

Diffusion n Spread of cultural traits from one society to another n n n Mass transportation, media, communication Material more readily Reformulation

Physical environment n Environment can encourage or discourage cultural change n n n Local vs. imported foods Natural disasters Change in natural resources

Wars and conquests n Greatest change in the shortest amount of time. n n n Disastrous like natural calamities Foster ingenuity Power shifts

Cultural Lag n n n Not all cultural traits change at the same rate. Some traits change rapidly, and the transformation of others may take considerable time. Material culture usually changes faster and nonmaterial culture lags behind. Give me three examples