N Hatziargyriou Greece C Schwaegerl Germany CIGRE SC

N. Hatziargyriou (Greece), C. Schwaegerl (Germany) CIGRE SC C 6 Global activities to establish Smart. Grids – an overview (English/German) Distribution systems of the future, Darmstadt, April, 12 th -13 th, 2011

Agenda Role of CIGRE SC C 6 Results from CIGRE Working Groups Distribution systems of the future, Darmstadt, April, 12 th -13 th, 2011

What is CIGRE? CIGRE (International Council on Large Electric Systems), based in France and founded in 1921, is one of the leading worldwide Organizations on Electric Power Systems, covering their technical, economic, environmental, organisational and regulatory aspects. It is a permanent, non-governmental and non-profit International Association. Aim is to develop and distribute technical knowledge in the field of electricity: Ø Facilitate the exchange of information between engineering personnel and specialists in all countries and develop knowledge in power systems. Ø Add value to the knowledge and information exchanged by synthesizing state-of-the-art world practices. Ø Make managers, decision-makers and regulators aware of the synthesis of CIGRE's work, in the area of electric power. Distribution systems of the future, Darmstadt, April, 12 th -13 th, 2011

CIGRE Study Committees CIGRE’s technical activities are split into 16 fields, each under the responsibility of a Study Committee. A 1 Rotating Electrical Machines A 2 Transformers A 3 High Voltage Equipment B 1 Insulated Cables B 2 Overhead Lines B 3 Substations B 4 HVDC and Power Electronics B 5 Protections and Automations C 1 System Development and Economics C 2 System Control and Operation C 3 System Environmental Performance C 4 System Technical Performance C 5 Electricity Markets and Regulation C 6 Distribution Systems and Dispersed Generation D 1 Materials and Emerging Test Techniques D 2 Information Systems and Telecommunications The Study Committee co-ordinates the studies of its field. Approximately 200 Working Groups are constantly operating, grouping together over 2000 experts. Distribution systems of the future, Darmstadt, April, 12 th -13 th, 2011

Increasing Importance of Distributed Generation and Distribution Systems Ø EC 20 -20 -20 targets: 20% Reduction in energy consumption 20% Renewable Energy 20% Reduction of Green- house Gas emissions EC 2050 Vision: Complete decarbonisation Share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption and target for 2020 (%) source: Eurostat Distribution systems of the future, Darmstadt, April, 12 th -13 th, 2011

Increasing Shares of Renewable Generation Installed capacity for electricity generation from renewables, EU-27 (GW) EU-27, Contribution of electricity from renewables to total electricity consumption Distribution systems of the future, Darmstadt, April, 12 th -13 th, 2011 source: Eurostat

SC C 6 - Distribution Systems and Dispersed Generation Chair: Nikos Hatziargyriou Secretary: Christine Schwaegerl Main Technical directions Ø To study the connection and the integration of distributed energy resources (DER), including small size generators, storage and relevant power electronic devices Ø To study the application of the DER concept as a part of the medium-long term evolution of distribution systems (Microgrids and Active Distribution Networks) Ø To study actions and processes for demand management and customers integration Ø To study the subject of rural electrification … to cover all aspects of Smart Distribution Grids Distribution systems of the future, Darmstadt, April, 12 th -13 th, 2011

Network of the future Backbone – Information - Player Areas currently covered by CIGRE SC C 6 Source: Peter Birkner, “Subgroup on Smart Grids”, www. ec. europa. eu/energy Distribution systems of the future, Darmstadt, April, 12 th -13 th, 2011

SC C 6 Working Groups: Connection and Integration of DER Ø TF C 6. 04. 02 ' Computational Tools and Techniques for Analysis, Design and Validation of Distributed Generation Systems' (Kai Strunz, TU Berlin), finished Ø WG C 6. 05 'Technical and Economic impact of DG on Transmission and Generation' (Goran Strbac, UK), finished Ø WG C 6. 08 'Integration of large share of fluctuating generation' (Harald Weber, Uni Rostock), finished Ø JWG C 3. 05/C 6. 14 'Environmental Impact of Dispersed Generation' (E. Lakervi) Ø JWG C 1/C 2/C 6. 18 'Coping with limits for very high penetrations of renewable energy' (Wil Kling, the Netherlands) … for members free download of technical brochures at www. e-cigre. org Distribution systems of the future, Darmstadt, April, 12 th -13 th, 2011

SC C 6 Working Groups: DER as part of the Medium-Long Term Evolution of Distribution Systems Ø WG C 6. 11 'Development and operation of active distribution networks‘ (Christian D’Adamo, Italy), finished Ø WG C 6. 15 'Electric Energy Storage Systems' (Zbigniew A. Styczynski, Uni Magdeburg), finished Ø WG C 6. 19 'Planning and optimization methods for active distribution systems' (F. Pilo, Italy) Ø WG C 6. 20 'Integration of electric vehicles in electric power systems‘ (J. A. Pecas Lopes, Portugal) Ø WG C 6. 22 'Microgrids Evolution Roadmap' (Chris Marnay, USA) Distribution systems of the future, Darmstadt, April, 12 th -13 th, 2011

SC C 6 Working Groups Demand Management and Customer Integration Ø WG C 6. 09 'Demand Side Response' (Alex Baitch, Australia), finished Ø WG C 6. 21 'Smart Metering – state of the art, regulation, standards and future requirements' (Eduardo Navarro, Spain) Rural Electrification Ø WG C 6. 16 'Technologies employed in rural electrification' (Trevor Gaunt, South Africa) Distribution systems of the future, Darmstadt, April, 12 th -13 th, 2011

Agenda Role of CIGRE SC C 6 Results from CIGRE Working Groups Distribution systems of the future, Darmstadt, April, 12 th -13 th, 2011

WG C 6. 09 Demand Side Response (Integration) Duration: 2004 - 2010 Scope: Ø Investigate and describe various drivers for Demand Side Integration (DSI) Ø Describe role of DG in various countries to affect impact of on various drivers of DSI Ø Investigate role and Importance of ICT Ø Describe various forms of DSI and extent of impact Ø Investigate available knowledge of demand elasticity of demand extent to which price signals impact demand Ø Investigate role and responsibilities of network owners and responsibilities Ø Investigate what changes need to be implemented Distribution systems of the future, Darmstadt, April, 12 th -13 th, 2011

WG C 6. 09 Demand Side Response (Integration) Classification Criteria for Demand Response Programs and Initiatives Distribution systems of the future, Darmstadt, April, 12 th -13 th, 2011

WG C 6. 09 Actions Demand Side Integration (DSI) Definitions: Ø DSI refers to the overall technical area focused on advancing the efficient and effective use of electricity in support of power systems and customer needs Ø DSI covers all activities focused on advancing enduse efficiency and effective electricity utilization, including demand response and energy efficiency Distribution systems of the future, Darmstadt, April, 12 th -13 th, 2011

WG C 6. 09 Cost – Benefit Comparison of DSI Type of cost Participant costs Cost Initial costs Technology investments (ex. Storage) Enabling technology investments Type of benefit Direct Comfort/ lost business Rescheduling costs Collateral Generator fuel/maintenance costs System costs DSI Customers Initial costs Some or all customers Customer education Program administration/management Marketing/recruitment Payments to participants Program evaluation Examples Financial Bill savings/incentive based DSI Reduced exposure to forced outages Market impact Short-term: marginal costs/prices Long-term: capacity, price caps infrastructure upgrades Metering/communication system upgrades Reliability Utility equipment or software costs Ongoing program costs Benefit Reliability Establishing response plan/strategies Event specific costs Recipient Other Some or all customers (ISO/RTO/ LSE) Reduced forced outages Markets Innovation in retail markets Choice Desired degree of hedging Environment Reducing generation from peaking plants Independence Dependence on external supply Metering/communications (tariffs) Distribution systems of the future, Darmstadt, April, 12 th -13 th, 2011

WG C 6. 09 - Networks required for lntegration of Generation and Demand Regional Example Spain: Geographical distribution wind, CHP capacity and interruptible loads (Source REE) Distribution systems of the future, Darmstadt, April, 12 th -13 th, 2011

WG C 6. 09 – Detailed analysis of worldwide activities Example: Analysis of 50 case studies and research projects by IEA DSMTask XVII Distribution systems of the future, Darmstadt, April, 12 th -13 th, 2011

WG C 6. 09 – ROLE OF ICT IN IMPLEMENTATION OF DSI Basic requirements Ø trigger DSI opportunities Ø measure the consumer performance Ø properly settle the event (potentially with both the consumer and the wholesale marketplace) Functions Ø Ø Ø Notification Measurement Compliance Settlement Automated controls Distribution systems of the future, Darmstadt, April, 12 th -13 th, 2011

WG C 6. 15 Storage Duration: 2008 - 2011 Scope: to evaluate different storage technologies and their commercial backgrounds Great emphasis is given to the integration and support of power networks which have a high penetration of dispersed generation (DG) and renewable based generation (RES). 2008 Wind power: 66 [GW] PV power: 9 [GW] Distribution systems of the future, Darmstadt, April, 12 th -13 th, 2011

WG C 6. 15 – European scenario for renewable generation SET – Plan for Europe – 2020 – 635 GW in RG+CHP 2020 low load condition 2020 high load condition P, % Pump load Pump storage P, % 100 75 50 50 25 Pump storage 100 75 Pump load 25 6 12 18 24 h Medium generation from CHPs and renewable generation 50 % Maximal generation from CHPs and renewable generation 6 12 18 24 h conventional GEN -25 generation surplus Storage conventional generation Load management Generation CHPs and RG Surplus of renewable & CHP generation power during low load condition has to be managed in future! 25. 08. 2010 Distribution systems of the future, Darmstadt, April, 12 th -13 th, 2011 21

WG C 6. 15 – Vehicles to Grid: pro et contra + Pollution reduction Primary and secondary reserve Reinforcement of the grid Life time of the battery Ancillary service Load shifting Peak shaving Limitation due to the rise of temperature of battery Vehicle autonomy 25. 08. 2010 Distribution systems of the future, Darmstadt, April, 12 th -13 th, 2011 Cigré Session 2010 22

WG C 6. 11 Active Distribution Networks Duration: 2008 - 2011 Scope: Ø Assessment of network requirements for the operation of DER Ø Identification of enabling technologies and review the most relevant features of ADN Ø Definition of limits/barriers Ø Evolution in regulatory aspects Distribution systems of the future, Darmstadt, April, 12 th -13 th, 2011

WG C 6. 11 - Active Distribution Networks (ADN) Definitions Ø Active distribution networks have systems in place to control a combination of distributed energy resources (DERs), defined as generators, loads and storage. Ø Distribution system operators (DSOs) have the possibility of managing the electricity flows using a flexible network topology. Ø DERs take some degree of responsibility for system support, which will depend on a suitable regulatory environment and connection agreement. Distribution systems of the future, Darmstadt, April, 12 th -13 th, 2011

WG C 6. 11 - ADN OPERATION Operation rules Ø Ø Different regulations No islanding permitted in most cases Automatic DG disconnection in case of main network faults General rule: no worsening of Power Quality (voltage level, fault current, …) admitted but not clear definition of what Power Quality means (!) Ø No rules for reactive power Remote control Ø Only 41% of the interviewed DNO have possibility to remote control the DG at MV and LV Ø Limited capability to manage the “active grid” Ø No operational procedures in case of fault Distribution systems of the future, Darmstadt, April, 12 th -13 th, 2011

WG C 6. 11 - ADN OPERATION Voltage control Ø Voltage variations admitted according to National or International Standards Ø No “active” voltage control performed Ø Adjustable setting of tap changer of MV/LV transformers Fault clearing procedures Ø 60% of DNO don’t have dedicated fault clearing procedures for feeders with DG (same as without DG) Intentional islanding Ø Very limited intentional islanding in performed Ø 22% of DNO may perform DG intentional islanding, mainly in self-generation customers Ø 14% of DNO may perform intentional islanding only in emergency cases Ø Concerns for safety of network operators Distribution systems of the future, Darmstadt, April, 12 th -13 th, 2011

WG C 6. 11 - ADN PROJECT VALIDATION Ø Selection and analysis of 24 innovative pilot projects (sources: ANM database, WG members, workshops) Ø Classification of enabling technologies, applications, benefits and research needs Ø Presentation of ADN functionalities, specific applications and with required analysis tools Ø Provides a snapshot of the industry and a basis for the development of recommendations Common features and priorities for ADN (scale 1 to 5): Ø PROTECTIONS 4, 50 Ø SAFETY 4, 42 Ø FAULT MANAGEMENT 4, 27 Ø COMMUNICATIONS 4, 15 Ø ISLANDING 4 Ø ANCILLARY SERVICES 3, 85 Distribution systems of the future, Darmstadt, April, 12 th -13 th, 2011

CIGRE WG C 6. 11 - Specific Active Distribution Network Applications and Associated Analysis Tools Functionality Specific application Enabling technologies Toolsi Defer investment in constrained regions Coordinated dispatch of DER • DER interconnection and control systems • Dynamic line rating • ICT Dynamic load flow, probabilisitic load flow, asset simulation programs Virtual power plant • DER interconnection and control systems • ICT • Multi-agent marketbased control Dynamic load flow, market simulation • DER interconnection and control systems • ESS • ICT Distribution protection and load flow, stability analysis, electromagnetic transients programming Islanding Distribution systems of the future, Darmstadt, April, 12 th -13 th, 2011

CIGRE WG C 6. 11 - Specific Active Distribution Network Applications and Associated Analysis Tools Cost / consumption reduction Dynamic load flow, probabilisitic load flow, market simulation, economic evaluation Peak load shaving / shifting • AMI • Grid friendly appliances • Home area networks • ICT • Multi-agent marketbased control Dynamic load flow, probabilisitic load flow, economic evaluation Direct load control by DNO Active participation of demandii • AMI • Grid friendly appliances • Home area networks • ICT • Multi-agent marketbased control Dynamic load flow, probabilisitic load flow, economic evaluation Distribution systems of the future, Darmstadt, April, 12 th -13 th, 2011

CIGRE WG C 6. 11 - Specific Active Distribution Network Applications and Associated Analysis Tools Coordinated Voltage-Var control • Distribution sensors • DMS • ICT • Remotely controlled VR devices – VR, capacitor banks, power electronics Dynamic load flow, economic evaluation Optimal power flow • DER • Distribution sensors • DMS • ICT • Remotely controlled VR devices – VR, capacitor banks, power electronics based Dynamic load flow, probabilisitic load flow, market simulation, economic evaluation Automatic reconfiguration • Distribution automation • ICT (in some cases) Dynamic analysis of short-circuits and protection • LVRT technologies Stability analysis tools Electromagnetic transient simulation tools Distribution management Advanced protection Fault ride through of DG and intermittent sources Distribution systems of the future, Darmstadt, April, 12 th -13 th, 2011

WG C 6. 11 RECOMMENDATIONS Grid operation Ø Review protection systems and safety measured in the context of ADNs Ø Grid codes should be updated to reflect the fact that DER owners need to share responsibility with DNOs for the application of ADN Ø Communication systems to support data exchange for ADNs should integrate industry standards Ø Put mechanisms in place for grid users to provide ancillary services and receive remuneration for this service Distribution systems of the future, Darmstadt, April, 12 th -13 th, 2011