n Essential Question Question n Which was the

n. Essential Question: Question n. Which was the more powerful force during the Era of Good Feelings: nationalism or sectionalism?

The Era of Good Feelings (1816 -1825)

The Era of Good Feelings n After the War of 1812, America experienced an “Era of Good Feelings” characterized by: – An extremely popular president – The emergence of a 2 nd generation of U. S. leaders – Dominance by the Republicans – A surge in nationalism that united the country & improved U. S. industry & transportation

Monroe as President He appointed Democrats, Federalists, n. James Monroe was elected Southerners, Northerners to his cabinet; president Sec 1816 & John Qwith a including in of State 1820 Adams clear set of goals: – To promote national unity – To promote America’s power in the world n. Republican dominance of the presidency & Congress helped push through a series of new laws

The Great Triumvirate n By 1816, a wave of new leaders shaped the antebellum era: n Henry Clay (Republican, KY) : – Represented the “West” – Speaker of the House – Proponent of national economic development (“American System" to promote industry & markets for farmers)

The Great Triumvirate n By 1816, a new wave of leaders shaped the antebellum era: n John C. Calhoun (Republican, SC): – Represented the “South” – Sec of War; VP – He was the nation's leading proponent of states' rights (he embraced nullification)

The Great Triumvirate n By 1816, a new wave of leaders While theythe antebellum era: this shaped did not always agree, “Great Triumvirate” of Clay, Calhoun, & n Daniel Webster (Whig, MA): Webster enthusiastically supported national – Represented the “North” economic development – Congressman; Sec of State – Strong proponent of nationalism & strong critic of states' rights

Politics After going to of for? Who else are you the Warvote 1812 n. The Dem-Repubs traditionally represented limited gov’t, states' rights, & strict construction n. But, without Federalist opposition, the Dem-Repubs adopted many traditionally Federalist policies: – National economic development – A permanent army – Transportation improvements – A national university in D. C.

All were Jefferson Hamilton & of 1 st significant proposed bylet the System Henry Clay’s American charter opposed protective tariffby Republicans in the 1790 s the 1 st BUS expire in 1811 in U. S. history n. Henry Clay’s American System in 1816 proposed the creation of: – The 2 nd Bank of the U. S. to stabilize U. S. currency Helped pave the way for future RR – Tariff of 1816 to Indian removal construction & western promote U. S. industry & limit the importation of British manufactured goods – A nat’l system of roads & canals n. The “American System” helped unify North, South, & West

Judicial Nationalism n. John Marshall (1801 -1835) used the Supreme Court to strengthen the power of the national gov’t: – Exerted the power of the national gov’t over the states – Rejected the claim that states could check powers of the national gov’ t – Affirmed the loose construction argument of the elastic clause

Judicial Nationalism n. Dartmouth v. Woodward (1819): gov’t cannot interfere with contracts between private parties n. Mc. Cullough v. Maryland (1819): Congress possesses powers not explicitly stated in Constitution; Congressional laws are supreme to decisions made by the states n. Gibbons v. Odgen (1824): interstate commerce is power reserved for national gov’t

President Monroe &Foreign Policy Adams Nationalist Sec of State JQ developed a nationalist foreign policy agenda The Convention of 1818 set the US/Canada border set at the avoid conflicts Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817): to 49º along the Great Lakes, the U. S. agreed not to take Canada & Britain not to invade the U. S

Nationalist Foreign Policy n. Monroe & JQ Adams turned their attention to acquiring Florida: Also, Spain assumed Florida would eventually beupon annexed – Andrew Jackson took it himself to end Indian attacks on U. S. agreed to pay Spain $5 million & renounced claims to Texas Georgia from Spanish Florida – Jackson’s military advances & U. S. success in the War of 1812 helped force the Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) that ceded Florida & Oregon to U. S.

Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)

Nationalist Foreign Policy The U. S. will protect Latin n. When Latin American nations American independence revolted. U. S. will act independently & against Spain, the U. S. The supported the its sphere of influence will protect new republics: – European powers disliked these liberal rebellions & were tempted to re-conquer them – Monroe Doctrine (1823) warned European nations to stay out of the Western Hemisphere & the U. S. will not interfere in Europe

Sectionalism in the Era of Good Feelings

Settlement of the Trans-Mississippi The end of the War Many settled in the West of 1812 unleashed to escape a rush of pioneers overpopulation, rising into the western land prices, & worn-out territories soil in the East The 2 nd BUS made credit available for farmers to purchase land

Settlement of the Trans-Mississippi By 1810, 1/7 th of the U. S. population lived in the West; By 1840 over 1/3 rd lived in the West Congress quickly admitted 5 states to the Union: Indiana (1816) Illinois (1818) Alabama (1819) Mississippi (1817) Louisiana (1812)

Sectional Disputes n. The Era of Good Feelings started with a wave of national unity, but sectional disputes between the North & South emerged & would dominate politics for next 40 years – Disagreed over the use of protective tariffs, especially when cotton prices fell in 1820 s – Disagreed over slavery in the western territories & states

Population was growing more rapidly in North, Missouri Compromise so House of Reps favored Northerners n. In 1817, Missouri applied for statehood as a slave state & NY rep U. S. sectional Missouri revealed Tallmadge wantedrivalries: only if its state constitution provided for – North resented Southern control the gradual elimination of slavery of presidency & its 3/5 -inflated representation in House of Reps – South feared a Northern conspiracy to end all slavery – Equality had been maintained by alternating admission of “free” & “slave” states added to the US

American Slave Population, 1790 -1820

Missouri Compromise (1820) n. Missouri Compromise (1820): – Missouri became a slave state – Maine (which broke from Mass) was admitted as free state – Slavery was banned elsewhere in the Louisiana Purchase above the latitude of 36° 30' n. The Missouri controversy exposed a deep rift between North & South

Missouri Compromise, 1820 -1821

Conclusions n. The “Era of Good Feelings” led to: – An improved American economy – Better transportation – More territory & more clearly- defined borders – A foreign policy in Latin America – But…sectional problems between the North & South

Discussion Questions n. Both Alexander Hamilton & John Marshall were Federalists who believed in a strong national gov’t. Who was more influential in shaping American history? Explain n. Which policy will be more important in U. S. history: Monroe’s foreign OR domestic policy?

n. Essential Question: Question –How did U. S. foreign policy change from the presidencies of Washington to Monroe? n. RQ Ch 10 B (328 -340)

American Foreign Policy Activity