Multiparameter imaging of how mammalian cells respond to

Multiparameter imaging of how mammalian cells respond to external signals Wyboston, March 2006 E. mail: mwhite@liv. ac. uk Tel. 0151 -7954424 Prof. M. White Centre for Cell Imaging University of Liverpool

Cell Architecture Nuclear membrane (10~100 trillion in human body) Mitochondria Golgi Vesicles E. R. H. Lodish et al. Molecular Cell Biology fourth edition p. 1 Plasma membrane (<10% of all membranes)

BIOLOGICAL EFFECT SIGNAL R C RE PTO E PROTEIN Signal Transduction Translation m. RNA Transcription DNA

Cell compartments

Automated cell tracking and quantification

Cell Division

Real-time Cell death Measurement UV irradiated cells 24 -61 h after treatment.

Unusual Cell!

Cell choice • Cell division • Cell death ?

Natures gift to the cell biologist - and to the drug screeners! Firefly luciferase Fluorescent proteins Genes switching on Where proteins go

Compatible Multiparameter Assays SIGNAL BIOLOGICAL EFFECT Morphology Cell division Apoptosis Necrosis R TO EP C RE Fluorescent fusion proteins Ca 2+ dyes PROTEIN Signal Transduction Translation Nuclear Translocation m. RNA Processing pre m. RNA Transcription DNA Luciferase d-GFP

Calcium: known for 20 years to be a cellular signal that used FM and AM

NF-kappa. B • Its involved in everything! – – – – Development The immune system Learning and memory Ageing Cell division Cell death Cancer and inflammatory disease

Imaging of kinetics of NF-k. B signalling and transcription Signal (e. g. serum or TNFa) Signalling cytoplasm P Ik. B NF-k. B (p 65) nucleus

Imaging of kinetics of NF-k. B signalling and transcription TNFa Signalling NF-k. B (p 65) cytoplasm nucleus

Problem • How can a simple signal carry so much information • The cell cannot afford to make a mistake!

G. Nelson, et al. , (2002) J. Cell Sci. 115: 1137 -48

Relative nuclear: cytoplasmic fluorescence 8 no treatment 18 m. M SN 50 12. 5 Bay 11 -7082 m. M 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 5 10 15 20 25 Time (min) 30 35 40

Simple view of NF-k. B signalling network Signal, e. g. TNF - α IKK New Ik. Bα is imported into the nucleus Ik. B α Phosphorylation & Degradation NF-k. B Ik. Bα negative feedback restores NFNF-k. B to the cytoplasm Ik. B Nuclear Translocation NF-k. B Ik. Bα NF-k. B Dependent Synthesis Ik. Bα α

Living cell imaging shows protein movement between the cytoplasm and nucleus in single cells 0 D. Nelson et al. , (2004) Science

NF-k. B Nuclear: Cytoplasmic oscillations in response to TNFa 0

He. La SK-N-AS

TNFa-stimulated expression of luciferase from p. NF-k. B-luc in He. La and SKNAS cells He. La SK-N-AS

What is the role of the oscillations? • Rapid control • Information encoded in timing (period) as well as or instead of amount of movement (amplitude) • Timing may control of transcription of different genes and ultimately cell fate • Separation of signal from noise • Signal pathway cross-talk

Stochastic Model 100000 Molecules NF-k. B /cell Nuclear NF-κB (μM) A 0. 1 0. 05 0 Model 50 Molecules NF-k. B /cell Nuclear NF-κB (molecule number ) B A 0 100 200 300 Time (min) 400 500 600 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 5 Experiment Single cells Nuclear NF-κB 4 3 2 1 0 0 100 200 300 Time (min) 400 500 600 How many functional molecules are there in a cell?

SK-N-AS neuroblastoma cells treated with 10 m. M Bay 117082 2 – 24 h after treatment

SK-N-AS neuroblastoma cells treated with 10 m. M Bay-11 -7082 + 20 m. M etoposide 1 – 10 h after treatment

NF-k. B may encode and decode timebased signals to regulate cell fate • Calcium oscillations with a frequency of greater than 30 minutes are required to maintain NF-k. B activation. (R. E. Dolmetsch, R. S. Lewis, C. C. Goodnow, J. I. Healy, Nature 386, 855 -8 (Apr 24, 1997). ) • p 53 oscillates with a period of approximately 6 h (G. Lahav et al. , Nat Genet 36, 147 -50 (Feb, 2004). )

Evolution of the cell biologist

What do we need to measure? • • • Protein levels Protein localisation Protein interactions Protein – nucleic acid interactions RNA levels Protein modications

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS NF-k. B : Dave Spiller David Nelson Caroline Horton James Johnson Glyn Nelson Violaine See A. Ihekwaba Doug Kell D. Broomhead D. Rand MRC HEFCE BBSRC DTI Wellcome Trust Cell Arrays Glyn Nelson Steph Kennedy Hailin Shen Tony Griffiths N. Paton S. Oliver Neuroblastoma Astra-Zeneca Research Fund Carl Zeiss Hamamatsu Kinetic Imaging