Muhammad and His Message Born 570 to

Muhammad and His Message • Born 570 to merchant family in Mecca • Orphaned as a child • Marries wealthy widow c. 595, works as merchant • Familiarity with paganism, Christianity and Judaism as practiced in Arabian peninsula

Muhammad’s Spiritual Transformation • • Visions c. 610 CE Archangel Gabriel Monotheism – Allah Attracts followers to Mecca

Islam An Abrahamic Religion Z Muslims are strict monotheists. Z Z They believe in the Judeo. Christian God, which they call Allah. Muslims believe that the Torah and the. Bible, like the. Qur’an, are the word of God. Dhimmi=Peo ples of the Book

Abraham’s Genealogy HAGAR ABRAHAM Ishmael SARAH Isaac 12 Arabian Tribes Jacob Esau 12 Tribes of Israel

The Prophetic Tradition (25 In All) Adam Noah Abraham Moses Jesus Muhammad

The Quran • Record of revelations received during visions • Committed to writing c. 610 CE (Muhammad dies 632) • Tradition of Muhammad’s life: Hadith

The Qur’an Z Muslims believe it contains the word of God. Z 114 suras (chapters). Z In the name of Allah, the compassionate, the merciful. Z Written in Arabic.

Conflict at Mecca • Muhammad’s monotheistic teachings offensive to polytheistic pagans • Economic threat to existing religious industry • Denunciation of greed affront to local aristocracy

The Hijra • Muhammad flees to Yathrib (Medina) 622 CE – Year 0 in Muslim calendar • Organizes followers into communal society (the umma) • Legal, spiritual code • Commerce, raids on Meccan caravans for sake of umma

Muhammad’s Return to Mecca • • • Attack on Mecca, 630 Conversion of Mecca to Islam Destruction of pagan sites, replaced with mosques – Ka’ba preserved in honor of importance of Mecca – Approved as pilgrimage site – Covered in kiswah (“robe”) annually

The Ka’aba

1. The Shahada Z The testimony. Z The declaration of faith: There is no god worthy of worship except God, and Muhammad is His Messenger [or Prophet]. 1

2. The Salat Z The mandatory prayers performed 5 times a day: * dawn * noon * late afternoon * sunset * before going to bed Z Wash before praying. Z Face Mecca and use a prayer rug. 2

2. The Salat Z The call to prayer by the muezzin in the minaret. Z Pray in themosque on Friday. 2

3. The Zakat Z Alms giving (charitable donations). Z Muslims believe that all things belong to God. Z Zakat means both “purification” Z About 2. 5% of your income. and “growth. ” 3

4. The Sawm Z Fasting during the holy month of. Ramadan. Z Z Considered a method of selfpurification. No eating or drinking from sunrise to sunset during Ramadan. 4

5. The Hajj Z The pilgrimage to Mecca. Z Must be done at least once in a Muslim’s lifetime. Z 2 -3 million Muslims make the pilgrimage every year. 5

5. The Hajj Z Those who complete the pilgrimage can add the title hajji to their name. 5

Jihad • “struggle” – Against vice – Against ignorance of Islam • “holy war” – Against unbelievers who threaten Islam

The Dome of the Rock Mosque in Jerusalem Mount Moriah Rock where Muhammad ascended into heaven.

Islamic Law: The Sharia • Codification of Islamic law • Based on Qur’an, hadith, logical schools of analysis • Extends beyond ritual law to all areas of human activity

Other Islamic Religious Practices Z Up to four wives allowed at once. Z No alcohol or pork. Z No gambling. ZThree holiest cities in Islam: * Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem.

The Caliph • No clear to successor to Muhammad identified • Abu Bakr chosen to lead as Caliph • Led war against villagers who abandoned Islam after death of Muhammad

The Spread of Islam Z Easy to learn and practice. Z No priesthood. Z Teaches equality. Z Dhimmi, who were“Peoples of the Book, ”were allowed religious freedom, but paid additional taxes. Z Easily “portable” nomads & trade routes. Z Jihad (“Holy War”) against pagans and other non-believers (“infidels”).

The Spread of Islam • Great warriors with a strong cavalry. • Byzantines and Persians weak from fighting each other. • Unity in Islam, strengthened by the Sharia, coupled with fair treatment of conquered people, was inviting to many in defeated empires who desired more freedom and cohesiveness. • Difficulties governing rapidly expanding territory

The Expansion of Islam, 632 – 733 CE

Muslims performing Hajj

Countries with the Largest Muslim Population 1. Indonesia 183, 000 6. Iran 62, 000 2. Pakistan 134, 000 7. Egypt 59, 000 3. India 121, 000 8. Nigeria 53, 000 4. Bangladesh 114, 000 9. Algeria 31, 000 66, 000 10. Morocco 29, 000 5. Turkey * Arabs make up only 20% of the total Muslim population of the world.

Successors To The Prophet • After the death of Muhammad, the caliph, or successor to the prophet was chosen. Abu Bakr was nominated as the first caliph. • Abu Bakr would lead the first caliphate, known as the Rashidun or Patriarchal Caliphate. • The choice of Abu Bakr caused significant dispute as many believed that Muhammad had chosen Alī ibn Abī Tālib, the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad to succeed him. • Abu Served as caliph 632 -634 CE • Ali would be passed over for Caliph two more times.

Successors To The Prophet: Origins of Sunni-Shi’a • Abu Bakr was followed by three more caliphs, the last of which was. Alī ibn Abī Tālib. It is with his succession that a division in Islam became more defined. • Sunni Muslims believe that Ali was the fourth caliph, a position chosen based on ability to lead. The Shi’a (Shiites) supported Ali; however, the Umayyad did not accept his rise to Caliph and a civil war broke out between the two factions.

Major Muslim Empires • Rashidun Caliphate (622 -661) • Umayyad Caliphate (661 -750) • • – Umayyad Caliphate of Cordoba in Islamic Spain (929 -1031) Abbasid Caliphate (750 -1258) Fatimid Caliphate (910 -1171) Mamluk Caliphate (1250 -1517) The Ottoman Caliphate (15171924)

Shi’ite Pilgrims at Karbala

The Umayyad Dynasty (661 -750 CE) • From Meccan merchant class • Brought stability to the Islamic community • Capital: Damascus, Syria • Associated with Arab military aristocracy

Policy toward Conquered Peoples • Favoritism of Arab military rulers causes discontent • Limited social mobility for non-Arab Muslims • Head tax (jizya) on non-Muslims • Encouraged Ummayads not to convert people (Mawali = converted muslim) • Mawali: blocked from imp. Positions in the army or gov’t • Umayyad luxurious living causes further decline in moral authority over umma

Family and Gender Roles • Both genders were equal before Allah • Initially the religion improved women’s status – Female infanticide outlawed – Adultery for both partners denounced – Struggle between tradition of secluding women vs. teachings of Muhammad – Under Abbasid Dynasty Harem created

The Abbasid Dynasty (750 -1258 CE) • Abu al-Abbas Sunni Arab, allied with Shia, non-Arab Muslims • Seizes control of Persia and Mesopotamia • Defeats Umayyad army in 750 – Invited Umayyads to banquet, then massacred them – Sets up Persian style gov’t, Baghdad

Nature of the Abbasid Dynasty • Diverse nature of administration (i. e. not exclusively Arab); Mawali treated better • Because of Shi’a alliance at the beginning, it was believed the Abbasids might close the gap between Sunni/Shi’a • Militarily competent, but not bent on imperial expansion • Content to administer the empire inherited • Growth through military activity of autonomous Islamic forces • Position of Wazir, Chief Administrator, and Royal Executioner symbolized new rule

Abbasid Administration • • Persian influence Court at Baghdad Influence of Islamic scholars Ulama and qadis sought to develop policy based on the Quran and sharia

Caliph Harun al-Rashid (786 -809 CE) • • • High point of Abbasid dynasty Baghdad center of commerce Great cultural activity

Abbasid Decline • Civil war between sons of Harun al. Rashid • Provincial governors assert regional independence • Dissenting sects, heretical movements • Abbasid caliphs become puppets of Persian nobility • Later, Saljuk Turks influence, Sultan real power behind the throne

Economy of the Early Islamic World • Spread of food and industrial crops – Trade routes from India to Spain • Western diet adapts to wide variety • New crops adapted to different growing seasons – Agricultural sciences develop – Cotton, paper industries develop • Major cities emerge

Formation of a Hemispheric Trading Zone • Historical precedent of Arabic trade • Dar al-Islam encompasses silk routes – ice exported from Syria to Egypt in summer, 10 th century • Camel caravans • Maritime trade

Banking and Trade • Scale of trade causes banks to develop – Sakk (“check”) • Uniformity of Islamic law throughout dar al-Islam promotes trade • Joint ventures common

Al-Andalus (Islamic Spain) • Muslim Berber conquerors from North Africa take Spain, early 8 th c. • Allied to Umayyads, refused to recognize Abbasid dynasty – Formed own caliphate – Tensions, but interrelationship

Changing Status of Women • Quran improves status of women – Outlawed female infanticide – Brides, not husbands, claim dowries • Yet male dominance preserved – Patrilineal descent – Polygamy permitted, Polyandry forbidden – Veil adopted from ancient Mesopotamian practice

Formation of an Islamic Cultural Tradition • Islamic values – Uniformity of Islamic law in dar al-Islam – Establishment of madrasas – Importance of the Hajj • Sufi missionaries – Asceticism, mysticism – Some tension with orthodox Islamic theologians – Wide popularity

Al-Ghazali (1058 -1111) • Major Sufi thinker from Persia • Impossibility of intellectual apprehension of Allah, devotion, mystical ecstasy instead

Cultural influences on Islam • Persia – Administration and governance – literature • India – Mathematics, science, medicine • “Hindi” numbers • Greece – Philosophy, esp. Aristotle – Ibn Rushd/Averroes (1126 -1198)

Muslims in America

Muslim Culture in NYC The Islamic Center, New York City

Islam’s Golden Age • Islam’s golden age peaked under the Abbasids, during which Muslims absorbed the customs and traditions of the many diverse people they ruled. • The emphasis on learning, which was taught by Muhammad, was reinforced by a flourishing economy based on trade.

Art & Architecture • Mosques & Palaces – Byzantine domes and arches – Abstract & geometric patterns • Calligraphy – Often verses from the Quran • Drawings & Paintings

Literature & Philosophy • Poetry – Much based upon themes of the Quran • Preservation of Greco-Roman scholars • Tales – Most famous is The Thousand One Nights • Philosophy

Mathematics & Science • Algebra – Based upon Indian & Greek advancements, the Muslims pioneered algebra • Astronomy – Observed the Earth’s rotation – Calculated the circumference of the earth within a few thousand feet • Medicine – Doctors had to pass rigorous tests – Hospitals set up – Studied diseases and wrote medical encyclopedias that became standard texts in Europe

Economics • Agriculture • Trade – Cultural diffusion – Partnerships, credit, banks • Manufacturing – Guilds regulated prices, weights & measurements – Specialized in steel, leather & carpets