Muckrakers Journalists Exposed the truth Early 1900 s Upton

Muckrakers Journalists Exposed the truth Early 1900’s Upton Sinclair Ida Tarbell The Jungle Food, Inc. FDA

Upton Sinclair The Jungle Muckraker Meat packing industry Book led to legislation FDA FDR Food Inspection Act Pure Food and Drug Act

Ida Tarbell Exposed unfair business practices in the oil industry Investigative journalist Rockefellers Standard Oil Teacher Muckraker Wrote “The History of Standard Oil”

Hull House Settlement house Chicago Jane Addams Helped refugees First of its kind Apartments for immigrants / women

Initiative Proposed law that comes from the people Does not come from lawmakers Progressive Era Legislative measure Has to go through legislative process Can be added to legislation as a referendum

Referendum Where a proposed bill can be voted on by the people Gave people more say in government Used in some cases to recall government officials

Recall To remove a public official from office Vote of the people not the government Usually voted on in a referendum 20 states had adopted referendum, recall, and/or initiative procedures by 1920 Part of political reforms of the Progressive Era

Direct election of the Senators 17 th amendment People voted for senators No longer appointed by state legislatures 1912 People have more say in federal government Part of the Progressive Era

Jim Crow Segregation laws in the south New way of enslaving African-Americans without “slavery” Black codes Got rid of all blacks’ rights Mostly aimed at keeping blacks from voting Led to the Freedmen’s Bureau

Plessy v. Ferguson 1896 segregation in public places is legal Established “separate but equal” clause Second major racial Landmark Supreme Court case Last 60 years until Brown v. Board of Education Enforced judicial review

NAACP National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Racial equality Founded in 1909 Booker T. Washington Non-violent means to equality

Anti-immigration sentiment Lead to immigration restrictions Nativism Chinese-Exclusion Act Low wage jobs Quota system Nationalism Continues into today

Chinese Exclusion Act Prohibited all Chinese except students, teachers, merchants, tourists, and government officials from entering the US 1882 Limited the number of Chinese immigrants Discrimination in the Railroad industry

Spanish-American War America wanted to free Cuba from Spanish control Triggered by the sinking of the USS Maine Treaty of Paris ended it in 1898 Rough Riders America gained the Philippines Teddy Roosevelt “Big Stick” Policy Showed America as a major world power

American Expansionism Expand the size of the nation under imperialism Manifest Destiny (economically) Hawaii, Philippines, etc. Alaska Increase military strength Puerto Rico

Philippine-American War Led by Aguinaldo Revolt against the US Revolting against annexation by the US Revolt was stopped by US did not annex the Philippines

Roosevelt Corollary Extension of the Monroe Doctrine We would protect the western hemisphere against European interference 1904 Spread democracy World police Our right to protect economic interest by military intervention if necessary

Panama Canal aided in trade between coasts Connected the Atlantic and the Pacific Opened in 1914 Gave it back to Panama eventually Built by US Helped Panamanians gain freedom from Colombia Took 10 years 51 miles long

U. S. Neutrality Attempt to stay out of international wars Lend-Lease Act Isolationism Not successful

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare Use of subs against non-military vessels Lusitania WWI German U-boats TOTAL WAR Caused US to enter the war (one reason)

Great Migration Movement of African-Americans from South to North During WWI Following the jobs Growth of cities in the north Harlem Renaissance Early 20 th century

Espionage Act Law against speaking out against the war effort Passed along side the Alien and Sedition Acts 1917 Jailed and fined for speaking out Determined unconstitutional because it went against 1 st amendment

Eugene V. Debs American Railroad Union Wanted skilled workers Leader of the democratic socialist party Ran for president from jail Arrested for protesting the war

th Amendment 18 Prohibition 1919 Led to speakeasies Led to bootlegging Gangs, organized crime (MOB) Later repealed by 21 st amendment Al Capone

th amendment 19 Women’s right to vote 1920 Result of women involvement in WWI Seneca Falls Convention Elizabeth Cady Stanton Susan B. Anthony

Fourteen Points Woodrow Wilson’s plan to make peace after WWI Congress did NOT agree to join the League of Nations Opposed by nations that wanted to punish Germany for WWI

League of Nations Established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace Mostly European First attempt at Global Peace keeping body Henry Cabot Law US did not join

Communism Economic and political system based on a one party government (totalitarianism) China Russian Revolution 1917 and the creation of the USSR Everyone is equal Red Scare

Socialism Government control of business and property and equal distribution of wealth Communism Lite Economic system opposite of capitalism

Red Scare Fear of the spread of communism after WWI After the Bolshevik Revolution Resulted in immigration legislation Communist political party was formed in US Share Our Wealth program - Huey Long

Immigration Restrictions Immigrants were required to pass literacy tests Quota system 1921 Fear of communism Ellis and Angel Island Gentlemen’s Agreement Southern and Eastern European Immigrants

Radio 1920’s brought families together Entertainment News Advertising Roaring Twenties Presidential Elections Fireside talks “War of the Worlds”

Movies 1920’s = silent movies and black/white Entertainment Charlie Chaplin Buster Keaton Wizard of Oz New era of movie stars Influenced fashion Clara Bow

Jazz Harlem Renaissance Louis Armstrong Flappers Louisiana Improv 1920 s New Orleans Charleston

Harlem Renaissance Revival of African-American culture and art Langston Hughes Didn’t last long Ended by Great Depression Louis Armstrong

Langston Hughes African American author during the Harlem Renaissance Poet Russian friend (communist) Wrote about the troubles of being African. American

Louis Armstrong Famous musician during the Harlem Renaissance Trumpet New Orleans Chicago jazz musician

Tin Pan Alley Composers and lyricists Sub-genre of Jazz movement Irving Berlin Manhattan and other parts of New York City Place of music

Irving Berlin Playwright and composer Wrote “White Christmas” and “God Bless America” Part of “Tin Pan Alley” Movement Publisher 150 songs

Mass Production Henry Ford 1920 s Sped up production Made cars affordable Cheaper labor Contributed to urbanization Assembly line Led to overproduction Faster, more economic, efficient way of production Model T Interchangeable parts Eli Whitney Cotton gin

Stock Market crash Black Tuesday 10/29/1929 Contributing factor of the Great Depression Caused by buying on margin Caused closing of banks Risky bank loans

Great Depression Extended economic recession Hoovervilles New Deal FDR 1929 -1940 25% unemployment Highest suicide rate Global effect After WWI Inflation Over-production Under consumption Use of credit Wages not increasing

Dust Bowl Farming over-production Drought West 1930 s AAA – Led to farmers moving to California Not using crop rotation Over grazing Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, and New Mexico

Hooverville Thought Hoover was the cause of the Great Depression Shantytowns Unemployed, homeless people All over the US Named after president Hoover

Tennessee Valley Authority Part of the New Deal Dams and bridges along the Tennessee River Valley Created jobs Provided electricity 1933 Provided economic development in the Tennessee Valley

Second New Deal Roosevelt 1934 -1935 Great depression Court Packing Bill Social Security TVA CCC AAA FDIC

Wagner Act Collective bargaining Re-established the NIRA promoted labor unions Limited ways employers could react to labor unions Established in 1935 Protected workers’ rights Better hours - higher wages Can’t fire people for being in a union

Industrial Revolution Growth of cities Machines were used more Major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, and transport Hand tools were used less Change in social and economic organization People got factory jobs Mass production Assembly line Henry Ford

Social Security Act New Deal Retired, elderly, disabled Most costly part of the New Deal Increased taxes Guaranteed retirement for some Still exists today Helped families with disabled children 1935 FDR

Eleanor Roosevelt Social reformer Accepted blacks into the White House Advocate for civil rights FDR’s wife Roosevelt’s eyes and ears Women’s rights Children’s advocate

Huey Long Socialist “Share Our Wealth” U. S. senator Supported social programs Thought the New Deal was not enough Turned against Roosevelt Communist Very popular Assassinated

Neutrality Acts Came from nationalism / isolationism Foreign policy of the late 1930 s and early 1940 s Prevented the US from being drawn into war 1935 No sale of weapons to countries that were at war Loosened by the Lend-Lease Act

Court Packing Bill Roosevelt’s attempt to pack the Supreme Court so the New Deal could not be challenged Addition of 6 new members Did not pass!!! 1937 Wanted younger more liberal people on the court

A. Philip Randolph Key Civil Rights leader before and during WWII Won Roosevelt’s support for equality in the workforce (war industries) Founded brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Negotiated with Roosevelt about civil rights and workers’ rights Stopped march on DC because of Roosevelt’s executive order about hiring practices

Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941 Triggered American involvement in WWII Bombing by Japan Sneak attack Hawaii Main targets were saved because they were out to sea Ninja skills

Internment Camps for Japanese Americans Fear of spies Germans, Italians Holding people without cause Mostly in the west Violates civil rights During WWII here in the US

Mobilization Assemble troops for war Private sector switches to wartime manufacturing Getting troops and supplies ready for war Happened very quickly after Pearl Harbor DRAFT Pulled a lot of people out of school Women to work More people volunteered than were drafted

Wartime Conservation Rationing Recycling drives o Rubber o Scrap metal Save supplies for troops Coupons War bonds Increased Patriotism

Rationing Gas Food items (coupon books) o Sugar o Coffee o Meat Pantyhose Rubber

Lend-Lease Act Way around the Neutrality Acts Allowed US to aid countries that were essential to the safety of the USA! Loophole in Neutrality Acts Lend arms to Great Britain in return for some small islands and being able to set up military bases 1941

Battle of Midway Turning point of WWII in the Pacific Japanese plans were decoded and they lost Americans intercepted Japanese fighter planes Sunk 4 Japanese Aircraft Carriers Japanese never recovered after this June 1942

D-Day 6 -6 -44 Normandy beaches Lots of troops Largest beach landing in history Bloodiest, longest battle of WWII largest use of paratroopers in combat 20, 000 Largest US involvement in the War in Europe Dwight D. Eisenhower Operation Overlord Sneak Attack

Battle of Berlin Russia against Germany Germans retreated to the west to surrender to GB and France 1945 Hitler did not leave Berlin o Committed suicide and killed his dog and wife killed herself Berlin was divided between France, Russia, GB, and USA

Atom Bomb Hiroshima and Nagasaki Manhattan Project Los Alamos Decision made by Truman Fat Man Little Boy Ended WWII in the Pacific Einstein Enola Gay Started the Cold War

Los Alamos Test site of the Atomic Bomb New Mexico Manhattan Project location Radiation fallout Very secret

Manhattan Project Code name for atomic bomb testing and development Albert Einstein Los Alamos, New Mexico Indirect cause of the Cold War and increased tensions with USSR Building of the Atomic Bomb Very secret

Marshall Plan 1947 -1951 Economic aid to European countries under threat from the Soviets Led to the Berlin Airlift Plan to reconstruct European economies after WWII Made Russia angry Fighting the spread of communism

Containment Prevent the spread of communism Offspring of the Truman Doctrine Foreign policy after WWII and throughout the Cold War Cause of US involvement in Korea and Vietnam Prevent the domino effect / theory

Truman Doctrine Offered military as well as economic aid Aimed at protecting the world against the Domino Theory of the spread of communism Issued by President Truman 1947

Korean War 38 th parallel – divides North and South Korea 1950 -1953 US and other UN countries fought with South Korea against North Korea and China No real change because of outcome US and South winning until China came to the aid of North Korea Fighting the spread of communism

Chinese Civil War Between the communists and nationalists Mao Ze Dong Ho Chi Minh Communism is established in China 1944 -1947

Mc. Carthyism Red Scare “Witch hunt” for communists The Crucible Begun by Senator Joseph Mc. Carthy Accusations were mostly unfounded Early 1950’s Black listed many celebrities Eventually faded out

Cuban Revolution Fidel Castro Brought communism VERY close to home Allied with the Soviet Union Bay of Pigs Led to the Cuban missile crisis Most of the revolutionaries weren’t Cuban

Bay of Pigs One of JFK’s biggest mistakes Lacked full support of the U. S. government Did NOT work 1961 CIA did not have enough information about resistance Ended friendly relations between the US and Cuba Led by Cuban refugees

Cuban Missile Crisis Missiles in Cuba aimed at the United States Capable of reaching as far as Seattle 1962 Closest we have ever come to nuclear war 13 Days Peak of the Cold War Soviet Union presence in Cuba for offensive purposes

Vietnam War US eventually pulled out Tet Offensive Agent orange Charlie Student Protests Across the Universe First US involvement in war that was not considered a US victory Vietcong huge anti-war movement

Tet Offensive January 1968 10 month long offensive against the South Vietnamese and the US Ended attrition Surprise attack by the Vietcong Won the war for North Vietnam

Baby Boom Population increase SEX Big impact on Social Security 1945 -1965 Peak was in 1957 – 4 million babies were born Lack of education Soldiers getting back from the war

Levittown Long Island First suburb, led to more suburbs around the country Mass production of housing New York Led to need for Highway Act William Levitt

Interstate Highway Act Result of increase in suburbs Transport military equipment Connect all major US cities Eisenhower 1956

Kennedy/Nixon presidential Debate First televised presidential debate Influenced popular opinion Women voted for JFK Kennedy was more appealing to the people JFK was coached on appearance and body language JFK had more charisma Nixon had more foreign policy knowledge 1960 election

TV News Coverage of the Civil Rights Movement Caused sympathy for the movement Angered Americans witnessing violence Caused more awareness Led to legislation about Civil Rights and individual liberties

Technology of the 1970’s Personal Computer Beginnings of cell phones APPLE Free-standing public telephone booth Entertainment

Sputnik I Russian satellite Space race Increased Cold War Tensions 1957 First artificial satellite Americans became fearful of spies Eisenhower

Jackie Robinson First African-American baseball player in the major league Played for the Brooklyn Dodgers First African American inducted into the baseball hall of fame Broke the color barrier for all professional sports

Harry Truman 33 rd president Acknowledged Israel as a sovereign nation Issued the Truman Doctrine FDR’s vice president 1945 -1953 Chose to use the atom bomb

Brown v. Board of Education Separate but equal clause is not constitutional Integrated schools Led to the Civil Rights Act 1954 Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson Third major landmark Supreme Court Case dealing with race Under the Warren Court

Martin Luther King, Jr. Civil rights leader Letter from Birmingham Jail Assassinated in Memphis 1968 Preacher Non-violent I Have a Dream Very young African-American activist

Letter From Birmingham Jail MLK, Jr. Garnered support for non-violent protests Now is the time! Asking for support from white southern Christian leaders Call to Action for people to be non-violent

I Have a Dream Speech Washington, D. C. 250, 000 people present MLK, Jr. Blacks and whites unite 1963 Lincoln Memorial

Civil Rights Act of 1964 Segregation in all public facilities illegal Fed. Gov’t power to enforce school desegregation Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

Voting Rights Act of 1965 Ended literacy tests Provided federal registrars in areas blacks had been kept from voting

Warren Court Chief Justice Earl Warren (1953 -69) Impact compared to John Marshall Desegregation (Brown v. Board of Education) Protected defendant’s rights Miranda v. Arizona; Gideon v. Wainwright; Baker v. Carr; etc.

Miranda v. Arizona Provided a defendant with the right to a lawyer being present when questioned by police

Assassination of President Kennedy Nov. 22, 1963 Dallas, Texas Lee Harvey Oswald Warren Commission – concluded Oswald was lone assassin

Great Society President Lyndon Johnson Goal: Provide domestic programs that eliminated poverty & racial injustice Food Stamp Act; Medicare; Medicaid; Elementary & Secondary Education Act

Medicare Party of Great Society Provided health insurance for 65 and older

Tet Offensive January, 1968 Surprise attacks by Vietcong of South Vietnam’s provincial capitals and American bases Destruction seen on TV in U. S. – convinced many Americans war would be difficult to win Further split support for war

Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. April, 1968 Memphis, Tennessee Killed by James Early Ray Led to riots all over the U. S.

Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy June, 1968 Los Angeles, California Shot & killed by Arab nationalist Sirhan who disliked Kennedy’s support of Israel

1968 Democratic National Convention Chicago Antiwar protesters outside the convention – led to violence when police became involved Televised as a “police riot” Dem. Party greatly divided at the time

SCLC Southern Christian Leadership Conference Led by MLK Jr. Organized ministers & churches to coordinate peaceful protests in the struggle for civil rights

SNCC Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee Emerged from student organized protests – Sit-in in Greensboro, NC Sit-ins; Freedom rides Later, become more focused on black power

Anti-Vietnam War Movement

Women’s Movement 1960 s The Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedan – encouraged middle class women to seek professional careers in addition to filling the traditional “roles” Campaign for Equal Rights Amendment Accomplished changes in attitudes & hiring practices Moved into professions previously dominated by males ERA defeated by conservatives

National Organization of Women NOW Adopted activist tactics similar to civil rights movement Pushed for Equal treatment of women, especially for job opportunities

United Farm Workers Movement Led by Cesar Chavez Organized strikes & boycotts to improve conditions for farm workers (many were Hispanic Americans) Increased compensation, collective bargaining rights, etc.

Environmental Movement 1 st Earth Day – 1970 Growing concern over air & water pollution, destruction of natural environment. Clean Air Act Environmental Protection agency created Endangered Species Act Began to regulate toxic substances, dumping of waste, protect environment, etc.

Silent Spring Rachel Carson Expose of pesticides Led to Clean air & water laws

Conservative Movement

Barry Goldwater Republican Presidential candidate 1964 (Lost to LBJ)

Richard M. Nixon

Roe v. Wade Struck down many state laws that prohibited abortions – violation of women’s right to privacy 1973 Attempted to eliminate dangerous killing of fetuses after a certain timetable One of the biggest court cases in United States History

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke Challenged admission policy of medical school Supreme Court ruled that race can be considered in admission, but racial quotas were unconstitutional Denied admission to Cal medical school on multiple occasions

Nixon’s visit to China Détente- period of improved relations between USSR & US – easing of tensions Nixon visit significant in improving relations with Communist China

Watergate Scandal Early in the morning of June 17, 1972, several burglars were arrested inside the office of the Democratic National Committee (DNC), located in the Watergate building in Washington, D. C. This was no ordinary robbery: The prowlers were connected to President Richard Nixon’s reelection campaign, and they had been caught while attempting to wiretap phones and steal secret documents. While historians are not sure whether Nixon knew about the Watergate espionage operation before it happened, he took steps to cover it up afterwards, raising “hush money” for the burglars, trying to stop the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) from investigating the crime, destroying evidence and firing uncooperative staff members. In August 1974, after his role in the Watergate conspiracy had finally come to light, the president resigned. His successor, Gerald Ford, immediately pardoned Nixon for all the crimes he “committed or may have committed” while in office. Although Nixon was never prosecuted, the Watergate scandal changed American politics forever, leading many Americans to question their leadership and think more critically about the presidency. http: //www. history. com/topics/watergate

Jimmy Carter Jimmy Carter was the 39 th president of the United States (1977 -81) and later was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2002. Engineer and Peanut Farmer From Plains, Georgia U. S. Naval Academy Graduate Served on Battleships, resigned from Navy after dad’s death Nixon resigned, Carted campaigned – I’m moral and Christian He beat incumbent Gerald Ford

Camp David Accords President Carter organized a meeting at Camp David in Maryland Israeli Prime Minister Begin & Egyptian President Anwar Sadat Negotiates framework of peace settlement between two countries Egypt becomes 1 st Arab nation to recognize Israel; Israel withdraws from Sinai territory

Iranian Revolution Ayatollah Khomeini & Islamic fundamentalists overthrow shah (whose policy of westernization had angered many Iranians) Ayatollah halted oil production – causing worldwide shortage

Iranian Hostage Crisis Iranian militants seize U. S. embassy in Tehran Oppose Carter allowing former Shah into U. S. for cancer treatment Revolutionaries also want to break U. S. interference in their region Hold more than 50 members of staff hostage for 444 days

Ronald Wilson Reagan Told Gorbachev - “Tear, Down this Wall!” Nicknamed Dutch or The Great Communicator Actor in Hollywood, Head of the Screen Actors Guild Reagan shot two months into first term Survived and James Brady, who was shot protecting Reagan was paralyzed, leading to Brady Bill on gun control Signed 1987 Nuclear Arms Treaty with Soviet Union ending the Cold War

Reaganomics Supply-side economics Tax cuts & reduction in government spending leads to increased spending by private sector – more jobs, production & prosperity “Trickle-down” economics – wealthy prosper and their increased spending benefits middle class and poor

Iran-Contra Scandal Reagan administration sells weapons to Iran to help fight Iraq Use money to fund the Contras in Nicaragua to help try to overthrow the government Televised the congressional investigation – led to a momentary popularity drop for Reagan

Collapse of the Soviet Union Gorbachev Glasnost Perestroika Independence of satellite states – Hungary, Poland, Czech Berlin Wall down

Bill Clinton Democrat from Arkansas Brought up on Impeachment charges for lying under oath 42 nd President advocated economic and healthcare reform; second president to be impeached Last president to finish with a SURPLUS with the National Budget Monica Lewinsky affair/scandal Governor of Arkansas Full name: William Jefferson Clinton

North American Free Trade Agreement NAFTA Eliminated trade barriers between Canada, United States & Mexico n 1994, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) came into effect, creating one of the world’s largest free trade zones and laying the foundations for strong economic growth and rising prosperity for Canada, the United States, and Mexico. Since then, NAFTA has demonstrated how free trade increases wealth and competitiveness, delivering real benefits to families, farmers, workers, manufacturers, and consumers. The NAFTA partners have created this website to provide Canadians, Americans, and Mexicans with information about how NAFTA works and the many ways in which it has improved the lives of North Americans.

Impeachment of Bill Clinton House of Reps vote to impeach on counts of perjury & obstruction of justice (lying about personal life) Senate trial does not uphold either charge Damaged Clinton’s reputation

Electoral College 2000 presidential race of Bush & Gore Came down to Florida’s 25 electoral votes Democrats ask for recount b/c of punch card errors Bush v. Gore: Supreme Court overrules Florida court’s demand for recount – Equal Protection clause Bush is President

George W. Bush George Walker Bush Son George Herbert Walker Bush President during 9/11 attacks Won presidency over Al Gore in Florida recount dispute Formed Homeland Security and sent troops to find and kill Osama Bin Laden In 2009, former President Bush partnered with 42 nd President Clinton to help rebuild Haiti, after the country was devastated by an earthquake.

Operation Enduring Freedom Response to attacks on Sept. 11, 2001 Targets Osama bin Laden and Al-Qaeda in Afghanistan Gain power in Afghanistan, pushing Al-Qaeda into mountains Remains unstable b/c of Taliban insurgency & tribal conflicts

Operation Iraqi Freedom Claim Iraq had not complied with many U. N. resolutions – specifically having WMDs Launch air attacks March, 2003 End Saddam Hussein’s dictatorship in less than 4 weeks Criticism and division of support when no WMDs found Violence continues