MS Studies Ch 5 Secession Civil War

MS Studies Ch. 5 Secession & Civil War

Slavery • Slavery was viewed as a potential problem dating back to the drafting of the U. S. Constitution • By 1819, slavery was the primary political issue in the U. S.

The Missouri Compromise • 1819 U. S. had 22 states. 11 free states. 11 slave states • Free State – State that did not allow slavery • Slave State – State that did allow slavery • Missouri applied for statehood as a slave state • Missouri Compromise was created. • Missouri was admitted as slave state • Maine admitted as a free state • Slavery forbidden in the remainder of the Louisiana Purchase north of 36° 30’ N

Missouri Compromise Map

Antislavery Movement • 1817 American Colonization Society formed. Offered to send free blacks back to Africa (Liberia) • In 1831, William Winans and Stephan Duncan helped form the Mississippi Colonization Society. • By 1861, almost 600 free blacks had left MS to live in Liberia.

Nullification Crisis & States’ Rights • States’ Rights – the principle that the rights of the individual state should prevail over the rights of the federal government. • 1832 South Carolina challenged the U. S. tariff saying that they had the right as a state to nullify this U. S. law. • S. Carolina threatened to secede • A compromise reduced the tariff, but a law was passed that denied the states the right to nullify a national law

The Compromise of 1850 • 1846 U. S. gained new lands from Mexico and the Missouri Compromise did not apply to them. • By 1850 California was ready for statehood & wanted to be free. • Issue was raised “FREE or SLAVE” • Compromise of 1850 solved the issue • California admitted as free state • Slavery in new territories would be determined by Popular Sovereignty (means a vote by those living there)

Compromise of 1850

Kansas-Nebraska Act • Congress passed the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854, which allowed the people of Kansas to decide upon slavery. • Abolitionists were outraged because Kansas is above the 36 degree 30’N parallel. • This led to war in Kansas known as the Border War or Bleeding Kansas.

• The Republican Party- was formed to oppose the expansion of slavery • The Dred Scott Decision- In 1857, the U. S. Supreme Court ruled that slavery could not be barred from territories. • In 1859, John Brown, an abolitionist, led a raid on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. • He hoped to provoke a slave rebellion but instead he was captured and executed.

Dred Scott

John Brown

MS & Secession • Secession (withdrawal from the Union) • Southerners began to believe that secession was the only way to prevent the abolition of slavery. • Although most Mississippians wanted to stay in the Union, John Jones Pettus, a supporter of secession, was elected as governor of MS in 1859.

1860 Presidential Election • Democrats divided • Southern Democrats nominated John C. Breckinridge (U. S. Vice President) • Northern Democrats nominated Stephen Douglas • Republican Party nominated Abraham Lincoln • Lincoln won the election (Breckenridge carried the south)

Election of 1860 Candidates Abraham Lincoln (Republican) John C. Breckinridge (Southern Democrats) John Bell (Constitutional Party) Stephen A. Douglas (Northern Democrats)

Secession • Dec. 20, 1860 South Carolina seceded from the union • Jan. 9, 1861 MS became 2 nd state to secede from the Union • AL, GA, FL, LA, & TX followed. • Feb. 1861 delegates met in Montgomery, AL and formed the Confederate States of America (new government) • Jefferson Davis was selected as the President & Montgomery, AL was the capital • When VA seceded from the Union, the capital was moved to Richmond, VA.

Jefferson Davis

Confederate Flags Confederate Flag 1861 -1863 Confederate Flag 1863 -1865 Confederate Navy Jack Confederate Battle Flag

War Begins • April 1861, Confederate forces fired on Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina. • President Lincoln called for troops to put down the rebellion. • VA, NC, TN, & AR seceded. • Both sides thought they could win • South had better leaders & thought foreign nations would support them • North had more people and more resources than the south.

Fort Sumter War Begins

Fort Sumter Aftermath

Presidents Abraham Lincoln United States Jefferson Davis Confederate States

Ulysses S. Grant Union General Robert E. Lee Eastern Front Confederate General Albert Sidney Johnston Western Front Confederate General

The Civil War in MS • In order to win the Civil War, the North had to invade and conquer the South. • Both, the North and the South wanted to control the Mississippi River during the war. This was vital to both sides.

MS River • Gen. Ulysses S. Grant commanded Union forces in the West • Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston commanded Confederate troops in the West. • March 1862 Gen. Johnston is defending Corinth, MS. Gen. Grant has a fort at Shiloh (TN).

Ulysses S. Grant

Confederate encampment at Corinth

Battle of Shiloh • Johnston attacks grant on April 6 beginning the Battle of Shiloh. Johnston is killed during the battle. • Gen. P. G. T. Beauregard takes command of southern forces. Union forces cause a Confederate retreat back to Corinth. • Shiloh was the bloodiest battle of the war to that point.

Battle of Shiloh

Battle of Shiloh

Battle for Vicksburg • Vicksburg was vital. It sat within a great curve in the MS River. The city was well fortified and sat atop high bluffs. • Vicksburg was a key supply point for the Confederacy. • Dec. 1862 Union Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman begins a direct attack against Vicksburg from the North. Attack Fails

Vicksburg 1863

Battle for Vicksburg (Cont. ) • Grant moves his forces south of Vicksburg through LA. • Grant attacked & captured Jackson, MS in May 1863 & then led a direct attack on Vicksburg. • Vicksburg was surrounded, but numerous attacks failed • Grant laid siege to Vicksburg for 6 weeks • Vicksburg fell July 4, 1863 (same day as Gettysburg victory)

Vicksburg, MS

Confederate blockade at Vicksburg

Union soldiers at Vicksburg

Vicksburg National Cemetery

After Vicksburg • Sherman captured Meridian, MS in Feb. 1864 (RR Depot) • Sherman moved on to Chattanooga • Late 1864 Sherman makes his famous “March to the Sea” (from Atlanta to Savannah, GA)

Battle of Chattanooga & Chickamagua

Atlanta Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman

Fort Massachusetts (Ship Island)

War Ends • March 1865 Richmond, VA falls to the Union. • April 1865 Robert E. Lee surrenders at Appomattox Court House, VA • MS & AL troops surrendered on May 4, 1865 at Citronelle, AL • Jefferson Davis was captured on May 10, 1865 in Irwinville, GA

Lee Surrender

The End of Slavery • In 1862, President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation declaring that on January 1, 1863, all slaves owned by persons in Confederate states were free. • In December 1865, the 13 th Amendment was added to the U. S. Constitution, which abolished slavery everywhere in the U. S.

Mclean House

Washington D. C. after the War

MS Numbers • 80, 000 Mississippians fought for the Confederacy • About 500 Mississippians fought for the Union Army • 17, 000 MS slaves or freedmen fought for the Union Army • MS had about 27, 000 dead at the end of the Civil War.

9 th Mississippi Infantry

9 th MS Infantry at Ft Pickens, Pensacola

• Private James Madison Moore, Company A, 14 th Regiment, Mississippi Consolidated Infantry

MS’s Homefront • Those at home did what they could • Men joined the service • Women made uniforms or were nurses • Everyone supported the state or opposed in silence • MS tried to have normal politics but it was impossible. • Money became worthless in the south. • People did not have • Candle wax, salt, coffee & tea (corn, okra, sweet potatoes used instead), • Slave Revolts were feared • Union Soldiers took what they wanted and in many cases destroyed everything else.

Hardtack

End of Slavery • During war many southern blacks fled to Union army camps. • Some stayed on the Plantations • Blacks joined Union army and mainly performed labor roles. • By end of war blacks were actively fighting for the Union • Blacks were paid less and usually given menial tasks. • 1862 Emancipation Proclamation issued. Freed slaves in the seceding states. • Dec. 1865 13 th Amendment abolished slavery

Slaves

Slaves

Slaves

Emancipation Proclamation

13 th Amendment (from Harper’s Weekly) SCENE IN THE HOUSE ON THE PASSAGE OF THE PROPOSITION TO AMEND THE CONSTITUTION, JANUARY 31, 1865.