Mr Pagliaro Seymour High School On the

Mr. Pagliaro Seymour High School

On the Eve of the Revolution ? Britain Americans Advantages ? ? Disadvantages ? ?

Loyalist Strongholds

Washington’s Military Headaches 1/3 colonists favored independence Colony/state loyalties CC couldn’t tax No $ for Continental Army Poor training Baron von Steuben

Exports & Imports: 1768 -1783

Military Strategies The Americans The British Attrition [the Brits had a long supply line]. Break the colonies into North & South Guerilla tactics [wear the British down] Blockade Ally with one of Britain’s enemies. “Divide and Conquer” use the Loyalists.

Bunker (Breeds) Hill (June, 1775) The British suffered over 40% casualties-1000 B, 311 C deaths deadliest battle

Phase I: The Northern Campaign [1775 -1776]

Date Location Result Battle of Quebec December 31, 1775 Quebec City Decisive British victory United Colonies 1 st Canadian Regiment Belligerents Great Britain Canadian militia Commanders and leaders Richard Montgomery Guy Carleton Benedict Arnold Allen Maclean Daniel Morgan 900 regulars 300 militia about 50 killed 34 wounded 431 captured Strength 1, 800 regulars and militia Casualties and losses 5 killed 14 wounded

Phase II: NY NJ PA [1776 -1778]

“These are the times that try men’s souls. ” T. Payne, The American Crisis • Aug. 1776 -Howes to NY – 32, 000 Redcoats, 10, 000 Hessians • Amnesty offer: 3, 000 accept – C. A. = 23, 000 untrained volunteers • Post-Battle of NY & Long Island-8, 000 remain – Retreat/Regroup in NJ » Dec. 31, enlistments end

Battle of Long Island (Brooklyin) Date Location Result August 27, 1776 Kings County, Long Island, New York Decisive British victory Belligerents United States Great Britain Hesse-Kassel In 1778, Robert Sheffield of Stonington, Connecticut-July 10, 1778 Commanders and leaders -1 of 350 prisoners George Washington William Howe, "The heat was so intense that (the hot sun shining all day on deck) Israel Putnam Charles Cornwallis, they were all naked…served …to get rid of vermin, but the sick William Alexander Henry Clinton were eaten up alive. Their sickly countenances, and ghastly looks Strength were truly horrible…swearing …blaspheming…stalking about like 10, 000 20, 000 ghosts…all panting for breath; some dead, and corrupting. The air Casualties and losses was so foul that at times a lamp could not be kept burning, by 300 killed 64 killed I regret that I have but one life to unknown wounded 293 wounded reason of which the bodies were not missed until they had been give for my country… missing 1, 000 captured 31 dead ten days. ”

New York City in Flames (Fall, 1776)

Key events of the NY/NJ Campaign • 1776 – Battle of NY/LI – Loss of NY – Washington’s Retreat – Battle of Trenton • 1777 – Princeton – Loss of Philadelphia – Bennington – Saratoga

Washington Crossing the Delaware Painted by Emanuel Leutze, 1851

Saratoga: “Turning Point” of the War?

Foreign Support • After Saratoga, France recognized the USA • Foreign leaders: – Von Steuben-Training Infantry – Marquis de Lafayette-Training Infantry – Comte de Rochambeau-French Army • Expédition Particulière – – Admiral De. Grasse-French Navy Bernardo de Galvez-Raids Tadeusz Kościuszko-Fortifications Casimir Pulaski-Calvary

“Local” Aid Male Citizens Women African. Americans Francis Marion. SC milita Betsy Ross Free could enlist Haym Solomon “Molly Pitcher” 5000 served-James Armistead Robert Morris Brought slavery to issue Benjamin Franklin British offered freedom

Valley Forge • Harsh winter, poor supplies • Drilling – Baron Von Steuben

Phase III: The Southern Strategy [1780 -1781]

Britain’s “Southern Strategy” Led by Cornwallis Rally southern Loyalists Preserve profitable colonies Good US leaders: Nathanial Greene, Francis Marion (the Swamp Fox)

The Battle of Yorktown (1781) Count de Rochambeau Admiral De Grasse

Cornwallis’ Surrender at Yorktown: “The World Turned Upside Down!” Painted by John Trumbull, 1797

North America After the Treaty of Paris, 1783

Wholesale Price Index: 1770 -1789

Federalist vs. Anti-Federalist Strongholds at the End of the War

Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation unicameral Congress 13 out of 13 to amend Representatives frequently absent Could not tax or raise armies No executive or judicial branches

State Constitutions Republicanism Strong governors with veto power Bicameral legislatures Property required for voting Some had universal white male suffrage. bills of rights Many had a continuation of stateestablished religions while others disestablished religion.

Occupational Composition of Several State Assemblies in the 1780 s

Indian Land Cessions: 1768 -1799

Disputed Territorial Claims Between Spain & the U. S. : 1783 -1796

State Claims to Western Lands

Land Ordinance of 1785

Northwest Ordinance of 1787 Major accomplishment of the Confederation Congress! Statehood process: 1. Congress appointed 3 judges & a governor to govern the territory. 2. >5, 000 adult, male land owners elect territorial legislature 3. >60, 000 elect delegates: state constitutional convention.

The United States in 1787

American trade w/ Britain: 1783 -1789

Annapolis Convention (1786) 12 representatives from 5 states [NY, NJ, PA, DE, VA] address limited trade and commerce between states Limited representation Reported to congress: Meet in Philadelphia to solve trade issues

Shays’ Rebellion: 1786 -87 Daniel Shays Western MA Small farmers angry: debt, taxes

Shays’ Rebellion: 1786 -87

Shays’ Rebellion: 1786 -87 There could be no stronger evidence of the want of energy in our governments than these disorders. George Washington