Moving to 3 G faster and higher

Moving to 3 G • faster and higher quality networks started supporting better services like video calling, video streaming, mobile gaming and fast Internet browsing, it resulted in the introduction of the 3 rd generation mobile telecommunication standard (UMTS). • 3 G network were developed to offer high speed data and multimedia connectivity to subscribers

Evolution of cellular technologies

3 G Overview • 3 G is created by ITU‐T and is called IMT‐ 2000, “International Mobile Telecommunications” • • Wideband Code Division Multiple Access CDMA 2000 - Code Division Multiple Access 2000 UMTS - Universal Mobile Telecommunications System time division duplex‐ code division multiple access Time Division Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access Universal Wireless Communications Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications

Service Roadmap Improved performance, decreasing cost of delivery Broadband in wide area 3 G-specific services take advantage of higher bandwidth and/or real-time Qo. S Video sharing Video telephony Real-time IP A number of mobile Multitasking multimedia and games services are bearer WEB browsing Multicasting independent in nature Corporate data access Streaming audio/video MMS picture / video x. HTML browsing Application downloading E-mail Presence/location Voice & SMS Push-to-talk Typical average bit rates (peak rates higher) GSM 9. 6 kbps GPRS 171 kbps EGPRS 473 kbps WCDMA 2 Mbps HSDPA 1 -10 Mbps

GSM Evolution to 3 G High Speed Circuit Switched Data Dedicate up to 4 timeslots for data connection ~ 50 kbps Good for real-time applications c. w. GPRS Inefficient -> ties up resources, even when nothing sent Not as popular as GPRS (many skipping HSCSD) GSM 9. 6 kbps (one timeslot) GSM Data Also called CSD GSM HSCSD Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution mprovement in data rate on short distances Can fall back to GMSK for greater distances Combine with GPRS (EGPRS) ~ 384 kbps Can also be combined with HSCSD GPRS General Packet Radio Services Data rates up to ~ 115 kbps Max: 8 timeslots used as any one time Packet switched; resources not tied up all the time Contention based. Efficient, but variable delays GSM / GPRS core network re-used by WCDMA (3 G) WCDMA EDGE

UMTS • Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) • UMTS is an upgrade from GSM via GPRS or EDGE • The standardization work for UMTS is carried out by Third Generation Partnership Project (3 GPP) • Data rates of UMTS are: – 144 kbps for rural – 384 kbps for urban outdoor – 2048 kbps for indoor and low range outdoor

UMTS Frequency Spectrum • UMTS Band – 1900‐ 2025 MHz and 2110‐ 2200 MHz for 3 G transmission – In the US, 1710– 1755 MHz and 2110– 2155 MHz will be used instead, as the 1900 MHz band was already used.

UMTS Architecture

Gateway GPRS support node (GGSN)[ • Gateway GPRS support node (GGSN) • The gateway GPRS support node (GGSN) is a main component of the GPRS network. The GGSN is responsible for the internetworking between the GPRS network and external packet switched networks, like the Internet • From an external network's point of view, the GGSN is a router to a "sub‐network", because the GGSN ‘hides’ the GPRS infrastructure from the external network.

Gateway GPRS support node (GGSN)[ • When the GGSN receives data addressed to a specific user, it checks if the user is active. If it is, the GGSN forwards the data to the SGSN serving the mobile user, but if the mobile user is inactive, the data is discarded. On the other hand, mobile‐originated packets are routed to the right network by the GGSN. • The GGSN is the anchor point that enables the mobility of the user terminal in the GPRS/UMTS networks

Gateway GPRS support node (GGSN)[ • The GGSN converts the GPRS packets coming from the SGSN into the appropriate packet data protocol (PDP) format (e. g. , IP or X. 25) and sends them out on the corresponding packet data network

Serving GPRS support node (SGSN) • A serving GPRS support node (SGSN) is responsible for the delivery of data packets from and to the mobile stations within its geographical service area. • Its tasks include packet routing and transfer, mobility management (attach/detach and location management), authentication and charging functions. The location register of the SGSN stores location information.

UMTS Network Architecture • UMTS network architecture consists of three domains – Core Network (CN): Provide switching, routing and transit for user traffic – UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN): Provides the air interface access method for user equipment. – User Equipment (UE): Terminals work as air interface counterpart for base stations. The various identities are: IMSI, TMSI, P‐TMSI, TLLI, MSISDN, IMEISV

UTRAN • Wide band CDMA technology is selected for UTRAN air interface • Base stations are referred to as Node‐B and control equipment for Node‐B is called as Radio Network Controller (RNC). – Functions of Node‐B are • Air Interface Tx/Rx • Modulation/Demodulation – Functions of RNC are: • • • Radio Resource Control Channel Allocation Power Control Settings Handover Control Ciphering Segmentation and reassembly

3. 5 G (HSPA) High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) is an amalgamation of two mobile telephony protocols, High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA), that extends and improves the performance of existing WCDMA protocols 3. 5 G introduces many new features that will enhance the UMTS technology in future.

4 G (LTE) • LTE stands for Long Term Evolution • Next Generation mobile broadband technology • Promises data transfer rates of 100 Mbps • Based on UMTS 3 G technology • Optimized for All-IP traffic

LTE

Background of LTE key requirements was defined for the new system • Packet‐switched domain optimization • Roundtrip time between server and user equipment (UE) must be bellow 30 ms and access delay below 300 ms • Uplink peak rate 75 Mbps • Downlink peak rate 300 Mbps • Improvements to mobility and security • Terminal power efficiency improvements • Capacity increase compared to 3 GPP release 6 (HSDPA/HSUPA

Comparison of LTE Speed

HSPA vs LTE

Advantages of LTE

Major LTE Radio Technogies • Uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) for downlink • Uses Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC‐FDMA) for uplink • Uses Multi‐input Multi‐output(MIMO) for enhanced throughput • Reduced power consumption

OFDMA & SC‐FDMA • The LTE air interface uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). Also to reach the agreed data levels multiple input / multiple output (MIMO) • technologies, together with high rate modulation • OFDMA is used in the downlink of LTE but for the uplink Single Carrier – Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC‐FDMA) • OFDM‐based technology was chosen for the following reason – it can achieve the targeted high data rates with simpler implementations involving relatively low cost and power‐ efficient hardware

multiple input / multiple output (MIMO) • To minimize the effects of noise and to increase the spectrum utilization and link reliability LTE uses MIMO technique to send the data. The basic idea of MIMO is to use multiple antennas at receiver end and use multiple transmitters when sending the data

LTE impact on network architecture • The LTE network architecture is an overall flat architecture • It consists of an e‐Node B and SAE gateway. This network is based on a TCP/IP protocol with higher service levels like voice, video, messaging, etc. built on it. • Based on this, feasibility studies related to All IP networks (AIPNs) were started in 2004 by the 3 GPP

LTE Architecture

LTE vs UMTS • Functional changes compared to the current UMTS architecture

LTE Release 8 Key Features (1/2) • High spectral efficiency – OFDM in Downlink – Single‐Carrier FDMA in Uplink • Very low latency – Short setup time & Short transfer delay – Short hand over latency and interruption time • Support of variable bandwidth – 1. 4, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 MHz 28

LTE Release 8 Key Features (2/2) • Compatibility and interworking with earlier 3 G PP Releases • FDD and TDD within a single radio access technology • Efficient Multicast/Broadcast 29

Evolution of LTE‐Advanced (4 G) • Advanced Multi‐cell Transmission/Reception Techniques • Enhanced Multi‐antenna Transmission Techniques • Support of Larger Bandwidth in LTE‐Advanced 30

LTE‐Advanced (4 G) • Peak data rates up to 1 Gbps are expected from bandwidths of 100 MHz. OFDM adds additional sub‐carrier to increase bandwidth 31

LTE vs. LTE‐Advanced 32

Conclusion • LTE‐A helps in integrating the existing networks, new networks, services and terminals to suit the escalating user demands • LTE‐Advanced will be standardized in the 3 GPP specification Release 10 (LTE‐A) and will be designed to meet the 4 G requirements as defined by ITU 33