motion otivation Ødirectly observable üinference key is

motion otivation Ødirectly observable? üinference >>> key is… vbehavior!! vmotivation & emotion complimentary

• four component process Øphysiological arousal Øcognitive interpretation Øsubjective feelings Ø behavioral expression üexperience factor Ømood?

What Do Our Emotions Do For Us? evolved to help respond… 1 - important situations 2 - convey intentions

Evolution of Emotions • survival value & shaped (nature) Ø emotional responsiveness [varies] vnurture influences! Functions… vmove to action vguide decisions (EQ)

• basic feelings expressed same way (recognized) Øinterpret from = ? ? Øuniversals… üexperiment --- similar response (species) • innate = Øhow proven? ?

Expressing: Innate & Learned cultural differences… Øcontext & intensity of displays • social expectations & consequences üshaping = appropriate or not **display rules- vinfluences… ümore emotional sex

Where Do Our Emotions Come From? 2 distinct brain pathways {emotional arousal} ü biological structures

Neuroscience of Emotion -biological mechanisms @ work include: • • • limbic system reticular formation- danger cerebral cortex autonomic nervous system hormones üSerotoninüEpinephrineüNorepinephrine-

Theories of Emotion Fear stimulus emotion physiological & behavior

Theories of Emotion Fear stimulus physiological & behavior vfacial feedback hypothesis emotion

Theories of Emotion simultaneously ---arousal & emotion Fear stimulus

Theories of Emotion physiologically & interpret arousal (specific emotion) “Scary dog” Fear verrors- misattribution

Theories of Emotion • Cognitive Appraisal – decide on an appropriate emotion following event • Opponent Process

Inverted U ü low & high levels = lower performance High Performance Low Arousal Level High

How Much Control Over Our Emotions? we can learn to control them üthose consciously regulated

• ability: understand & control e-responses – true measure of intel? Øbrain development üE. Q. --- limbic system üI. Q. --- neocortex v“Marshmallow Test” • nurtured!!

• exercise self-control** Ø bad morning! • metamood- recognize feelings Ø benefits of anxiety… v hardest controlled? v strongest? • traits: self-confidence (assessment) & self-deprecating

• controlling or redirecting – impulses / anxiety / anger Øshift arousal >>> active / inactive v regulate >>> enhance living • traits: reliability

• persistence & optimism üSeligman’s Met-Life Test • traits: desire to achieve / commitment

–survival skill & buffer Ø unconscious >>> prevents mistakes SS… 1) handling others’ emotions 2) smooth interaction 3) manage relationships

• predicting success (smart) = “character” – emotions control behavior Ø “I was so angry…” • no avg score >>> each separate (emotions) v research --- I. Q. = only 20%

Detecting Deception • lie detector or ? ? • used? ? analysts? ? Ømeasures… vsympathetic ns • ? ing…non-emotional >> case-specific vmicroexpressions-

Control ? : Up to age 18, did you ever physically harm anyone? Relevant ? : Did [deceased] threaten to harm you in any way? Relevant > Control = Lie Detecting Deception Respiration Perspiration Heart rate Control question Relevant question (a) Control question Relevant question (b)

• association w/ aggression & violence Fear • evolutionary protection… – short-cut response

• stages: 1 st lust / desire {passionate} 2 nd romantic {intimacy} ütemporary & highly emotional condition üinfatuation & sexual desire 3 rd attachment {commitment} • factors: ØsimilarityØproximityØattractiveness-

• successful relationships based on… Ø expression of love / displays affection Øadmiration Øfriendship basis Øcommitment to relationship Øall encompassing interest Øoffering emotional support

Sternberg’s Triangular Theory Passion Intimacy Commitment

Sternberg’s Triangular Theory

What Makes Us Act as We Do? Motivation - many forms • involve mental processes Ø select & direct behaviors

start / directing / maintaining Useful in Circumstances… • observable behavior >>> internal states • accounts for behavior variability • explains perseverance despite adversity • relates biology >>> behavior

• drive = - effect each other! v. E-improve or decrease performance {overjustification} [Un ]

Instinct Drive • physiological state – survival needs- automatic --- protect & stabilize Ødrive reduces** vpleasure drive --- overlooked Biology of Mo • “internal thermostats” • homeostasisvaggression

Arousal Theory • optimal stimulation – activity motivates pleasure drive Ø high & low levels = discomfort ü level varies --- person / time / place • sensation seekers– M. Zuckerman Ø need variety / complex / unique sensory experience ü skydiving / studying aboard • animals- novel environmental stimulation – Harlow (‘ 53) monkeys vhypothalamus

Cognitive Theory • rational choice – expectations 1) attaining goal 2) value (*exercise*) ücompetency theory- • locus of control-

Locus of Control individual’s sense of where life’s influences originate § external§ internalvdevelops interaction w/ individual & environment

• ALL need… - approval / competent / achievement

Needs • Physiological: – most powerful • property • Safety: – physical & emotional • seeking affection or amusement • Love & Belonging: – absence stifling • strive for excellence • Self-Esteem: – respect **

• cultural influence- *achievement *affiliation value / morals (need to excel) (social bonds) *autonomy (independence) *nurturance (nourish/protect) (U. S. --- competition) *dominance (influence/control) *exhibition (make an impression) *order (orderliness/organization) *play (fun/amusement/relaxation) – curiosity Øless familiar / more complex = curious v innate v. learned

• motivated… • Thematic Apperception Test - projective test: “coded” themes --- project needs Øscoring --- relevance to needs üaccurate v. Henry Murray 16 basic needs --- achievement • don’t force high achievement… …interesting? . . . artistically sensitive? …value relationships?

• Matina Horner… motive to avoid success Øcareer types (gender appropriate) vbright women = • attempted to confirm theory - define success? - no attempt = fear? vfear of success --- gender issue? emotion

Motives in Conflict Approach-approach. Approach-avoidance. Avoidance-avoidance. Multiple approach-avoidance-

Hunger • eat b/c… – glucostatic theory {glucose} – hormonal regulation – digestive regulation Øhypothalamus q lateral (“go”) & ventromedial (“stop”) Øtemperature / set-point Øother factors [normal --- internal cues] Obesity - external cues

How & Why Do We Experience Stress? *perceived threat human stress activates: thoughts, feelings, behaviors, & physiological arousal *normally promote adaptation & survival

Stress & Stressors Stress – physical & mental response to a challenging or threatening situation Stressor – a stressful stimulus, a condition demanding adaptation

A Model of Stress Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Catastrophe Cohen & Ahearn: stages of natural disasters • • • Psychic numbness Automatic action Communal effort Letdown Recovery v. PTS(D)

Physical Stress Response Acute stress – temporary pattern of arousal caused by a stressor w/ a clear onset & offset Chronic stress – continuous state of stressful arousal persisting over time

intense / competitive perfectionist (challenging situations) unstressed / relaxed moderate ambition Personality & Stress

Psychological Responses to Stress Learned helplessness – pattern of not responding to harmful stimuli after an organism learns that its behavior has no effect

• motivation = basic physiological needs – deprived = tense & agitated Øneeds drive action (random) vsuccessful behavior = habit

The Emotion Wheel

Universal Emotions

James. Lange theory Cannonbard theory Twofactor theory Stimulus snake Physiological arousal trembling increased heart rate Emotion fear Physiological arousal trembling increased heart rate Stimulus Cognitive interpretation “I feel afraid!” Emotion fear

Emotion: More Than a Feeling A feeling state involving a pattern of facial and bodily changes, cognitive appraisals, and beliefs. Physiological Changes (in body and facial muscles) Emotion Cultural Influences (shape experience and expression of emotion) Cognitive Processes (interpreting the emotional situation)

Theories of Emotion “thalamus” simultaneously sends messages to cortex Fear stimulus

Arousal, Performance, & Inverted “U” function – relationship b/w arousal & performance; ü High Performance Low Arousal Level High

Arousal, Performance, and the Inverted “U” Not all need same arousal Sensation seekers – biological need for higher levels of stimulation than do other people [Opposite: slacker types, slugs, etc. ]

How Are Achievement, Hunger, and Sex Alike? Different? No single theory accounts for all forms of motivation, because each motive involves its own mix of biological, mental, behavioral, and social/cultural influences

A Cross-Cultural Perspective on Achievement Individualism – View that places a high value on individual achievement and distinction Collectivism – View that values group loyalty and pride over individual distinction Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Thirst and Pain Volumetric thirst – A drop in extracellular fluid levels Osmotic thirst

The Scientific Study of Sexuality Kinsey interviewed 17, 000 Americans concerning their sexual behavior Masters and Johnson Sexual response cycle – Four-stage sequence of arousal, plateau, orgasm, and resolution occurring in both men and women Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Phases of Human Sexual Response Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Sexual Motivation Virtually any stimulus that becomes associated with genital touch and orgasm can become a conditioned stimulus that motivates sexual activity Sexual scripts – Socially learned ways of responding in sexual situations Both learning and genetics affect our sexual behaviors Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

The Origins of Sexual Orientation Sexual orientation – One’s erotic attraction toward members of

Traumatic Stressors Traumatic stressor – a situation that threatens one’s physical safety, arousing feelings

Posttraumatic Stress Posttraumatic stress disorder – delayed stress reaction in which an individual involuntarily re-experiences emotional, cognitive, and behavioral aspects of past trauma Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

The Physical Stress Response Fight-or-flight response – A sequence of internal processes that prepares the organism for struggle or escape Tend-and-befriend model – stress response model proposing that females are biologically predisposed to respond to stress by nurturing and protecting offspring and seeking social support General adaptation syndrome (GAS) – A pattern of general physical responses that takes essentially the same form in responding to any serious chronic stressor Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

The General Adaptation Syndrome Alarm reaction Resistance – the body mobilizes it’s seems to adapt resources to to the presence of the stressor cope with a stressor Level of normal resistance Alarm Reaction Exhaustion – the body depletes it’s resources Successful Resistance Illness/death Resistance Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Exhaustion

Stress & Immune System Immune system – bodily organs and responses that protect the body from foreign substances and threats Psychoneuroimmunology – Multidisciplinary field that studies the influence of mental states on the immune system Cytokines – Hormone-like chemicals facilitating communication between brain and immune system

Psychological Responses to Stress Resilience – Capacity to adapt, achieve well-being, and cope with stress, in spite of serious threats to development Motivating Yourself Flow – an intense focus on an activity, accompanied by increased creativity and near-ecstatic feelings Involves intrinsic motivation

Seligman’s Motivation • You forget your spouse’s (boyfriend’s/girlfriend’s) birthday. A- I’m not good at remembering birthdays B- I was preoccupied with other things • You lose your temper with a friend. A- He or she is always nagging me B- He or she was in a hostile mood • You fall down a great deal while skiing. A- Skiing is difficult B- The trails were icy • You gain weight over the holidays, & you can’t lose it.

James-Lange Theory of Emotion § Experience of emotion is awareness of physiological responses to emotionarousing stimuli Sight of oncoming car (perception of stimulus) Pounding heart (arousal) Fear (emotion)

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion Sight of oncoming car (perception of stimulus) Pounding heart (arousal) Fear (emotion) § Emotion-arousing stimuli simultaneously trigger: § physiological responses § subjective experience of emotion

Schachter’s Two-Factor Theory of Emotion Pounding heart (arousal) Sight of oncoming car (perception of stimulus) Cognitive label “I’m afraid” § To experience emotion one Fear (emotion) must: § be physically aroused § cognitively label the arousal

2 Routes to Emotion Positive valence joy sadness Low arousal pleasant relaxation fear anger 2 Dimensions of Emotion Negative valence High arousal

Arousal & Performance § peaks @ lower levels of arousal for difficult tasks § peaks @ higher levels for easy or well-learned tasks

Emotion-Lie Detectors § 50 Innocents § 50 Theives Percentage 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Innocent people Guilty people Judged innocent by polygraph Judged guilty by polygraph § 1/3 of innocent declared guilty § 1/4 of guilty declared innocent (from Kleinmuntz & Szucko, 1984)

Expressed Emotion § People more speedily detect an angry face than a happy one (Ohman, 2001 a)

Expressed Emotion § Gender and expressiveness 16 Number of expressions 14 Women Men 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Sad Happy Film Type Scary

Experienced Emotion § The ingredients of emotion

Experienced Emotion § Infants’ naturally occurring emotions

Experienced Emotion § Catharsis § emotional release § catharsis hypothesis § “releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges § Feel-good, do-good phenomenon § people’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood

Experienced Emotion § Subjective Well-Being § self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life § used along with measures of objective well-being § physical and economic indicators to evaluate people’s quality of life

Experienced Emotion § Moods across the day

Experienced Emotion § Changing materialism

Experienced Emotion § Does money buy happiness? Average per-person after-tax income in 1995 dollars $20, 000 $19, 000 $18, 000 100% $17, 000 90% $16, 000 $15, 000 80% $14, 000 70% $13, 000 Personal income $12, 000 60% $11, 000 50% $10, 000 Percentage very happy 40% $9, 000 30% $8, 000 $7, 000 20% $6, 000 10% $5, 000 0% $4, 000 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Year Percentage describing themselves as very happy

Experienced Emotion § Values and life satisfaction 0. 6 Importance scores 0. 4 Money Love 0. 2 0. 0 -0. 2 -0. 4 1. 00 2. 00 3. 00 4. 00 5. 00 Life satisfaction 6. 00 7. 00

Experienced Emotion § Adaptation-Level Phenomenon § tendency to form judgments relative to a “neutral” level § brightness of lights § volume of sound § level of income § defined by our prior experience § Relative Deprivation § perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself

Happiness is. . . Researchers Have Found That Happy People Tend to However, Happiness Seems Not Much Related to Other Factors, Such as Have high self-esteem (in individualistic countries) Age Be optimistic, outgoing, and agreeable Gender (women are more often depressed, but also more often joyful) Have close friendships or a satisfying marriage Education levels Have work and leisure that engage their skills Parenthood (having children or not) Have a meaningful religious faith Physical attractiveness Sleep well and exercise

Cognition & Emotion § brain’s shortcut for emotions