Most Welcome to Grammar Class By: Maazullah “Hedayat”
HAPPY GOOD AFTERNOON LIFE ENDS WHEN YOU STOP DREAMING, HOPE ENDS WHEN YOU STOP BELIEVING, LOVE ENDS WHEN YOU STOP CARING, FRIENDSHIP ENDS WHEN YOU STOP SHARING. . .
PARTS OF SPEECH
What is Language? • LANGUAGE Is the mean of communication through which we understand each other ‘s ideas. OR • Language is a way through which we convey ideas to each other. Back to ZICS
Types of Language: LANGUAGE VERBAL NON-VERBAL Back to Class
Verbal Language: • Verbal Language is a language which is both written and spoken. • Ex: - Pashtu, English, Dari, etc Back to Class
Non-Verbal Language: • Non-Verbal Language is a language which is neither written nor spoken. • Ex: - Body language, sign language etc. . Back to Class
Aspect of Language: Back to Class
What is Grammar? • Grammar is an important skill of a language through which we can use a language correctly and avoid ourselves from making mistakes. • Or • Grammar: Grammar is the key of language, structure of language and/or skeleton of language. Ex: - He are studying computer. Ex: - Ali and Ahmad is busy. Ex: - Are they played football. Back to Class
What is Word? • Definition: The combination of limited alphabet letters expressing a particular meaning and sense is known as word. GRAMMATICAL WORDS LEXICAL WORDS • (1) GRAMMATICAL WORDS: Grammatical words are those words which need explanation. • Ex: Noun. Adverb, Adjective, Verb, Pronoun and so on • (2) LEXICAL WORDS: lexical words are those words which give meaning and don’t need exploitation. • Ex: study, wash, work. Dance, eat, and so on
Parts of Speech • Parts of speech: Parts of speech are the combination of grammatical words giving eight meaning and sense is known as parts of speech or words which are daily spoken by the people is called speech. • (Noun, Pronoun, Adjective, Adverb, Preposition, Conjunction, Interjection) Verb,
Noun Pronoun Adjective Parts of Speech Verb Adverb Preposition Conjunction Interjection
O N N U
What is Noun? • Noun: Noun is a word which tells us what a person, place and thing is called. • Note: The name is given to people, things or places in order to identify them properly and quickly. • Ex: Ali, Holy Qur’an, Afghanistan
Roots of Noun Gender of Noun Cases of Noun Types of Noun Roots of Noun Number of Noun
Types of Noun Proper Noun Common Noun Compound Noun Collective Noun Material Noun Abstract Noun Concrete Noun Back to ZICS
Proper Noun • Are those nouns which refer to proper or specific people and places. • Note: We must remember that proper nouns should always be written with capital letter. • Ex: Afghanistan, Holy Qur’an, Mohammad P. B. U. H Back to ZICS
Common Noun • Are those nouns which refer to common or general people, places and things. • Ex: country, city, chair, student, girl and so on Back to ZICS
Compound Noun • Are those nouns which are made of two or three words and they are also called two / three wordial noun. • Formation of compound nouns • Noun + Noun: In this formation compound noun is generally made of two nouns in which the first noun functions as an adjective or determiner and should be singular. • Ex: Bus drive, English lecturer, College student and so on • Gerund + Noun: In this formation compound noun is made of one verbal noun • Ex: Swimming pool. Washing machine, cooking school, etc Back to ZICS
Continued… • Noun + Gerund: In this formation compound noun is made of one simple noun and one verbal (verb ing). • Ex: Type writing, Sightseeing, Bird watching • (D) Noun+ Preposition+ Noun: In this formation compound nouns have three parts. • (Simple noun+ preposition+ simple noun) • Ex: Sister-in-law, Father-in- law, Mother-in-law Back to ZICS
Types of Compound Nouns Open Compound Nouns Closed Compound Nouns ound N Comp es of Typ Hyphened Compound Noun Back to ZICS
Continued… • Closed Compound Nouns: Are those nouns which are spilled as one word. Ex: Classroom, Housewife, Bathroom, etc • Open Compound Nouns: Are those nouns which are spilled as two words. Ex: Bus driver, Truck driver, College Student • Hyphen Compound Nouns: Are those nouns containing hyphen(-) Ex: Brother-in-law, Father-in-law Back to ZICS
Collective Noun • Collective Nouns are those nouns which are singular in form but have plural meaning. • Ex: Class, Army, Family, Audience, People • Collective Noun + Singular Verb • We consider the whole group. • Ex: • My family is broad minded. • The team is practicing for the final match. Back to ZICS
Continued… • • • Collective Noun + Singular Verb We consider all members individually. Ex: My family are open minded. (Individually) People are living in Pakistan. (Folk) People is living in Pakistan. (Nation) Peoples are living in Pakistan. (Many Nations) English is Sweet. (Language) Back to English are sweet. (People) ZICS
Material Noun • Material Nouns are those nouns which refer to substance and from which the other nouns are made. • Ex: Steel, Iron, Wood, Plastic etc Back to ZICS
Abstract & Concrete Nouns • Abstract Nouns are those nouns which can not be seen and touched or abstract nouns are those nouns which don’t have physical shapes. • Ex: Experience, Ability, knowledge, Idea, Talent. • Concrete Nouns are those nouns which have physical shapes or concrete nouns are those nouns which can be seen or touched. Concrete nouns are divided into two parts. Back to • Ex: Computer, Car, Iron, ZICS
Countable & Uncountable Nouns • (1)Count Noun: A noun is called count or countable noun when it has the following qualities. • Ex - Pen, door, car etc • (2)Non Count Nouns: A noun is non-count nouns when it has the following qualities. • Ex - Water, oil, milk Back to ZICS
Differences between count and non count nouns Count Nouns • Have a physical individual Shape. • Can be counted • Have both singular and plural forms. • Can take singular and plural verbs. • Number is used. • The articles (a/an) are used. • Answers the questions started with (how many) Non Count Nouns • Don’t have physical individual shapes. • Cannot be counted but can be measured. • Have just one form considered singular. • Can take only singular verb. • Number is not used. • The articles (a/an) are not used. • Answers the questions started with (how much) Back to ZICS
• Gender. The word gender is taken form (Arabic) word which means genus. Generally we have four kinds of genders. Feminine Gender Common Gender Masculine Gender of Noun Neuter Gender Back to ZICS
Definitions • Masculine Gender: Is a gender which refers to male living beings. Ex: Father, Husband, Brother, Uncle, Tiger, Dog • Feminine Gender: Is a gender which refers to female living beings. Ex: Sister, Mother, Wife and daughter, Tigress, Bitch • Common Gender: Is a gender which refers to both male living beings and female living beings. Ex: Student. Doctor, Teacher, Friend • Neuter Gender: Is a gender which refers to neither male living beings nor female living beings. Back to Ex: Chair, Table, Bicycle and etc ZICS
• Cases of Noun Objective Case Object of Preposition Case Subjective Cases of Noun Possessive Case Back to ZICS
Cases of Noun • Subjective Case: In this case a noun is used before main verb in order to function as the subject of the sentences. • Ex: Ali teaches English. • Objective Case: In this case noun is used after main verb in order to function as the object of the sentence. • Ex: Ali teaches Grammar. • Object of Preposition Case: Is also called compliment of preposition case. In this case a preposition is used before a noun. • Ex: The Pen is on the table. Back to ZICS
Continued… • Possessive Case: In this case a noun is used in two ways. • Noun +’s or s’ • Ex: Ahmad’s Book. • Ex: My computer Ex: Students’ Class. Ex: Your car Back to ZICS
Numbers of Noun SINGULAR NOUN PLURAL NOUN Back to ZICS
Singular Noun • Singular Noun: - is used to show a single person, place or thing. • Ex: - boy, man, dog, pen, bill and so on Back to ZICS
Plural Noun • Plural Noun: - is used to show more than one person, place or thing. 1. Some of the nouns usually takes (S) for making their plural forms. • Ex: - boys, rooms, dogs and so on 2. Nouns ending in (O, CH, SS, X or Z) can be formed plural by adding (ES) at the end of them. • Ex: - classes, watches, dishes, boxes and so on Back to ZICS
Continued… 3. Some of the nouns as exception ending in (O) can be formed plural by adding merely (S) at the end of them. • Ex: - Kilos, Dynamos, pianos, radios and so on 4. Nouns ending in letter (Y) following a consonant can be formed plural by dropping letter (Y) and adding (IES) at the end. • Ex: - baby, babies, fly, flies, country, countries and so on Back to ZICS
Continued… 5. Nouns ending in letter (Y) following a vowel can be formed plural just by adding letter (S) at the end. • Ex: - donkey, donkeys, boys, guys and so on 6. Nouns ending in (F/FE) can be formed plural by dropping (F/FE) and adding (VES) at the end. • Ex: - knife, knives, calf, calves, leaf, leaves and so on to Back ZICS
Continued… 7. Some of the nouns as exception ending in (F/FE) take both (S & VES) at the end. • Hoof, hoofs, hooves, scarfs, scarves wharf, wharfs, wharves and so on 8. Some of the nouns as exception ending in (F/FE) take only (S) at the end. • Ex: - cliff, cliffs, handkerchiefs, safes and so on Back to ZICS
Continued… 9. Some of the nouns change inside vowel for making their plural forms and they can also be called irregular nouns. • Ex: - Foot, feet, mouse, mice, goose, geese, tooth, teeth and so on • Ex: - child, children, person, people, mother-in-law, mothers-in-law and so on 10. Some of the nouns don’t have singular form. • Ex: - glasses, clothes, pants, scissors and so on Back to ZICS
Continued… 11. Some of the nouns can be singular and plural themselves. • Ex: - sheep, deer, species, fish, fishes and so on 12. Some of the exceptions are as subsequent. • Ex: - Singular Mr. Mrs. Ox Miss Plural Messrs Mesdames Oxen Misses Back to ZICS
O R P O N N U
PRONOUN Pronoun is a word or group of words used to replace a noun or to avoid the repetition of a noun. Note: The word pronoun consists of two parts: * * The prefix - Pro The root word - Means “instead of” Noun He They She Pronouns usually refer back to the noun or noun phrase already mentioned: My brother has been studying He has been working as well. We Back to ZICS You I I
1. 2. Possessive Pronouns 4. Reflexive Pronouns 5. Emphatic Pronouns 6. Demonstrative Pronouns 7. Relative Pronouns 8. Back to ZICS Object Pronouns 3. Types of Pronouns Subject/Personal Pronouns Interrogative Pronouns 9. Indefinite Pronouns 10. Distributive Pronouns 11. Reciprocal Pronouns
Subject/Personal Pronouns • Are those pronouns which are mainly used before a verb, in order to function as the subject of a sentence. • Personal Pronoun are the pronouns that represent you, the person or people you are addressing, and the people or things you are talking about. • Subject/Personal Pronouns are seven in numbers: Back to ZICS
Continued… • Grammatical Persons: • First person pronoun (I , we) • Second Person Pronoun (you) • Third Person Pronoun (he, she, it, they) • Subject Pronouns are used as the subject of a VERB: • Ex: My Dad always gets home late. • He works as a hospital administrator. Back to ZICS
The Subject Pronoun “it”: • • For neuter gender: It is a book. For baby whose sex is not known: It is a baby. For animal whose sex is not known: It is a cat. For emphasis on a particular word: It is me who can teach English. Back to ZICS
Object Pronouns Are those pronouns which are usually used after main verb, in order to function as an object of a VERB or PREPOSITION. Object pronouns are seven in numbers. She teaches him. S. Pro O. Pro • We told them to come to the party. • The doctor prescribed us the medicine. • She prepared lunch for her. • She is talking to me. Him Her It Them Me Us You to Back ZICS
Possessive Pronouns • Are also called owny pronouns; they are used to show possession (ownership) • Possessive pronouns are seven in numbers. His Hers Its Yours Mine Theirs Ours Back to ZICS
Possessive Pronoun & Possessive Adjective/Determiner • Possessive Adjective/Determiner are followed by nouns: • Possessive Pronouns stand alone and are not followed by noun: Ex: • Possessive Determiner: These are your keys. • Possessive Pronoun: These are mine. • Possessive Determiner: This is your car. • Possessive Pronoun: Where is ours. Back to ZICS
Continued… • Note: - Possessive pronouns usually have two positions in a sentence. • Before main verb means beginning of sentences. • Ex: - Mine is expensive. • After main verb means at the end of sentences. • Ex: - That is mine. • Note: - After possessive pronouns noun cannot be used. • His is Expensive. • But after possessive adjective noun is must. • His book is expensive. Back to ZICS
Reflexive Pronouns • The word reflexive is taken from reflection. Reflexive Pronouns are used to refer back to the subject of the sentence or Reflexive pronouns are used when the subject and object of a sentence are the same people or things. Reflexive pronouns are made of two parts: • • Possessive adjective ( My, your, her, our, their) • • Object Pronoun: (him, it) • The suffixes (self – selves) Himself Herself Itself yourself Back to yourselves ZICS Themselves Myself ourselves
Continued… • Singular: myself-yourself-himself-herself-itself • Plural: ourselves-yourselves-themselves 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. She prepares herself lunch. Computer works itself. The students write themselves a note. The car moves itself. Cat gets clean by licking itself all over. Back to ZICS
How are Reflexive Pronouns Used? • As a subject of the VERB: • I hurt myself. • As the object of a PREPOSITION: • She was talking to herself. • As the indirect object of a VERB: • We found ourselves a place to learn. • As the emphasizer of a NOUN or PERSONAL PRONOUN: • She had trained the horse herself. Back to ZICS
Reflexive Pronouns • Are also called intensive pronouns and they are used to emphasize on the subject of a sentence. • Ex: themselves) • She herself cooks the dish. • They themselves arrange the party. Back to ZICS
Continued… • If it comes after verb then that is reflexive pronoun , if it comes before main verb these are called emphatic pronoun. • Ex: She herself cooks the dish. (Emphatic pronoun) • She cooks herself the dish. (Reflexive pronoun) • Herself, she cooks the dish. (Emphatic pronoun) • Themselves, they arrange the party. Back to ZICS
Demonstrative Pronouns • Are also called Dem pronouns these pronouns are used to demonstrate or point out people, things, and places. • Demonstrative pronoun are four in numbers: This That These Those Back to ZICS
Continued… • This: - Points out singular place, person and item (Touchable distance / location. ) • Exp: This is a car. • That: - Point out singular place, person and item ( Untouchable distance / location. ) • Exp: That is a restaurant. • These: - Points out plural places people and items ( touchable distance. ) • Exp: These are students. • Those: - points out plural people places and items. (Untouchable distance. ) • Exp: Those are cars. Back to ZICS
Relative Pronouns • Are also called Linky Pronouns and they are used to combine noun or pronoun with dependent clause. Some relative pronouns are listed here: • That = refers to things or people • Who =refers to person or people • Which =refers to thing or things • Whose =refers to person, people, things • When =refers to time Back to • Where =refers to place ZICS
Continued… • • Ex: He likes the baby whose father is policeman. He who lives in Nangarhar is my friend. Here is the shop which sells computers. This is the place where we saw each other. I bought a pen which is made of gold. I saw the man that works as a teacher. Back to ZICS
Relative pronouns are divided into two types: • Simple relative Pronouns. • Compound Relative Pronouns. a. Simple Relative Pronouns have one word formation. Ex: • Who – Which – Whose – When – That – Whom etc. • He who lives in Nangarhar is my friend. Back to ZICS
Continued… • b. Compound Relative Pronouns are those pronouns which have two words formation. • Whatever – Whenever – Wherever – whichever – whosever. • Ex: • Whatever you want I will surely give you. Back to ZICS
WHERE DO WE USE RELATIVE PRONOUNS? a. We use WHO as the subject or object of a verb: • I would kill the man who defames my religion. (VERB immediately after WHO) • I love the person who (whom) I want. (SUBJECT after WHO) b. WHO and WHOM can be used as the object of preposition, but if the preposition comes before the pronoun, you must use WHOM. • I didn’t know the girl who (whom) you were dancing with. • I didn’t know the girl with whom you were dancing. Back to ZICS
Interrogative Pronouns • Are those pronouns which are used to interrogate or ask about noun. • Interrogative pronouns are four in number: • • • Which What Exp: Which is expensive? What is in your pocket? Who is your best friend? Whose is Interesting? Whose Back to ZICS
Indefinite Pronouns • Are those pronouns which are used to refer to indefinite people, places and things or indefinite pronouns are those pronoun to replace nonspecific people, places and things. • Indefinite Pronouns mainly have three types: Back to ZICS
Continued… • Indefinite Pronouns of Place - Somewhere - Anywhere - Nowhere • Indefinite Pronouns of Thing - Something - Anything - Nothing • Indefinite pronouns of people - Somebody Someone Anybody No One Nobody Back to ZICS
Continued… • Someone • Anyone • No One Formal Usage • Somebody • Anybody • Nobody Informal Usage Back to ZICS
Distributive Pronouns • Are those pronouns which replace a noun individually. • Exp: - Each – either – Neither – Every. • • Each one is expensive to buy. Either of them is interesting to read. Neither of them is easy to learn. Every one is expected to be on time. Back to ZICS
Reciprocal Pronouns • Are those Pronouns which refer to a noun mutually and they are two in numbers. • Each other One another • Ex: –Talk with each other. –Talk with one another. –Practice with each other. –Practice with one another. • Note: • Each other – refers to a group made of two participants. • One another – Refers to a group made of more then two participants. Back to ZICS
E J D A E V I T C
Adjective • Adjective: Adjective is a word which is used to modify the quality, quantity, color, size, location, temperature, origin of a noun. • Ex: Many books. It shows quantity. • Ex: American car. It shows origin. • Ex: Green eyes. It shows color. • Ex: Small house. It shows size. • Ex: Hot weather. It shows temperature. Back to ZICS • Ex: Next home. It shows Location.
Roots of Adjective Back to ZICS
1. 2. Demonstrative Adjective 3. Types of Adjective Proper Adjective of Quality 4. Adjective of Quantity 5. Possessive Adjective 6. Numeral Adjective 7. Interrogative Adjective 8. Emphasizing Adjective 9. Distributive Adjective
Proper Adjective • Proper Adjective: Are adjectives taken from proper nouns. • • • Proper noun Spain Afghanistan America Africa Canada Proper Adjective Spanish Afghani American African Canadian Back to • Note: - Proper adjectives mostly refer to nationality and languages. ZICS
Continued… • • • • Noun Korea Italy Australia Brazil Britten Belgium Denmark Egypt England Europe Finland France Germany Holland Scotland Adjective Korean Italian Australian Brazilian British Belgian Danish Egyptian English European Finish French German Dutch Scottish • • • Noun Bosnia Caribbean China Cuba Haiti Ireland Iran Israel Lebanon Poland Adjective Bosnian Caribbean Chinese Cuban Haitian Irish Iranian Israeli Lebanese Polish Back to ZICS
Demonstrative Adjective • Demonstrative Adjective: Are also called dem adjectives and they are used to point out or indicate nouns or pronouns. • This, That, These, Those » » Ex: This car is nice. Ex: That book is mine. Ex: These cars are ours. Ex: Those books are full of information. Back to ZICS
Adjective of Quality • Adjective of Quality (Descriptive): Are also called (descriptive adjectives). They are used to express the quality of noun and pronoun or to describe it. • intelligent – talented – honest – ugly – bold- etc. • Ex: Intelligent lecturer • Ex: Beautiful flower Back to • Ex: Talented Student ZICS
Adjective of Quantity • Are also called (Quantative Adjective). They are used to show the quantity of something and usually answers the questions of HOW MUCH? – little, enough, some, much and so on Ex: He has some sugar. We need little oil. Back to ZICS
Possessive Adjective • Possessive Adjectives: Are adjectives which show possession or ownership of a noun and pronoun. • My Your, Our, Their, His, Her, Its • Ex: This is my book. • Ex: That is his pen. Back to ZICS
Interrogative Adjective • Interrogative adjectives: Are those adjectives which are used to ask questions. • which, what, whose and so on • Ex: What book do you need? • Ex: What language do you speak? Back to ZICS
Numeral Adjective • Numeral adjectives (Adjective of Number): Are adjectives used to ask the number of things or people and usually answers the question of HOW MANY. • Three, many, thousand, several and so on • Ex: He needs three letters of recommendation. Back to ZICS • Ex: We want several copies of the document.
Emphasizing Adjective • Emphasizing adjectives: Are adjectives used to emphasize a noun. • Very, own, really and so on • Ex: He painted his own room. • Ex: Unity is the very thing we want in Back to ZICS
Distributive Adjective • Distributive Adjectives: Are those adjectives which modify a noun individually. • Ex: Every, each, either, another, each other, neither and so on • Ex: - Each boy has a book. Neither restaurant is expensive. Back to ZICS
Cases / Usages of Adjectives Predicative Case / Usage Attributive Case / Usage Cases tives Adjec ges of / Usa Post positive Case / Usage Back to ZICS
Attributive Case of Adjective (Direct Case): • Attributive Case of Adjective ( Direct Case): Attributive case is a case in which an adjective is used before a noun. • Ex: Beautiful girl Ex: Stylish car • Ex: Intelligent man Ex: Good student. • Ex: Loving parents Ex: working relationship to Back ZICS
Continued… • Predicative Case of Adjective: In this case adjective is used after linking verbs • Is, am, are, get, become, smell, taste and so on • Ex: She is intelligent. Ex: He got happy. Back to ZICS
Continued… • Post Positive Adjective Case: In this case an adjective is used after indefinite pronouns. • Ex: Ali bought something expensive. • Ex: Let’s go somewhere interesting. Back to ZICS
Degrees of Adjective SUPERLATIVE COMPARATIVE POSITIVE DEGREE Adjective Degrees are used to show that two things, places, or people are equal in same ways one is better than another or one is the most exceptional among many we use adjective degrees. Back to ZICS
Positive and Comparative Degrees of Adjective Positive degree of adjective: It is the simple form of an adjective, which Shows the high or low quality of a person, place and thing or it is used when we have no comparison. • Dark, light, high, low, old, slow, young, rich, poor, tall, small, soft and so on Back to ZICS
Continued… • The Comparative Form is the higher degree of Adjective and it is used to compare two people, things or places with each other. The comparative form is usually made by adding (er) to the adjective. The word (than) is often used to compare two things or people. • For example, you say: • Mr. Lee is taller than Philip. • A car is faster than a bike. Back to ZICS
Continued… • • • dark light high low old young rich poor tall small darker lighter higher lower older younger richer poorer taller smaller hard warm cold fast slow soft harder warmer colder faster slower softer Back to ZICS
The Superlative Form • The Superlative Form is the highest degree of adjective, it is used when you compare three or more people, places or things, then we use the superlative form of an adjective. The superlative form is usually made by adding (est) to the adjective. The word (the) is often used before the superlative form for instance. • A bee is a small insect. A ladybird is smaller, but anto Back ant is the smallest. ZICS
Continued… • • • dark light high low darkest lightest highest lowest slowest oldest youngest richest poorest tallest smallest warm cold fast warmest coldest fastest slow hard soft hardest softest Back to ZICS
Rules for both comparative and superlative degrees of an adjective • With mono syllable adjectives we add {r/er } for comparative and for superlative the+ {st/ est. } 1 Positive Degree Small Old Nice Large 2 Comparative Degree Smaller Older Nicer Larger 3 Superlative Degree The smallest The oldest The nicest The largest Back to ZICS
• Note: If a monosyllable adjective ends in the consonant and before consonant we have a single vowel we add another consonant letter and then er / est. 1 Positive Degree Fat Hot Big Sad Thin Slim 2 Comparative Degree Fatter Hotter Bigger Sadder Thinner Slimmer 3 Superlative Degree The fattest The hottest The biggest The saddest The thinnest The slimmest Back to ZICS
• Note: If the consonant letter is preceded by two vowels we just add {er / est. } 1 Positive Degree Cheap Sweat Great 2 Comparative Degree Cheaper Sweater Greater 3 Superlative Degree The cheapest The sweetest The greatest Back to ZICS
• Note: If two or more than two syllable adjective ends with the letter (y) change Y to I and add er and est: 1 Positive Degree Happy Pretty Unlucky 2 Comparative Degree Happier Prettier Unluckier 3 Superlative Degree The happiest The prettiest The unluckiest Back to ZICS
• Note: If an adjective has more than two syllables we use more / less for comparative degree and the most / the least for superlative degree. 1 Positive Degree Intelligent Beautiful 2 Comparative Degree More intelligent Less intelligent More beautiful Less beautiful 3 Superlative Degree The most intelligent The least intelligent The most beautiful Te least beautiful Back to ZICS
Absolute Adjective • Some adjectives in English language are used neither in comparative degree nor in superlative degree. These adjectives are called absolute adjectives or upgradable degree of adjective. • Ex: wrong, right, excellent, complete, perfect, correct and so on • Some words came from other language to English the way how to change them to comparative and superlative degree is different from other words. • Ex: Junior, senior, superior, inferior, exterior • Ex: Ali is a junior teacher. Positive Degree Back to ZICS • Ex: Ali is junior to Ibrahim. Comparative Degree
Irregular Adjective • • • Positive Good Bad Little Much/Many Far Old Late In Out Up Comparative Better Worse Less More Farther Older/Elder Later/Latter inner Utter Upper Superlative The best The worst The least The Most Farthest The older/eldest The latest/last The inmost Back to The uttermost/out most ZICS The upmost/uppermost
Adjective Endings of Foreign Origin • Adjectives have come into English through foreign languages especially, Latin, Greek and French, so spelling rules aren’t so easy, but are given where possible like some adjectives ending in able 1 Count countable Drink drinkable Fashion fashionable Suitable 1 A regrettable errors A suitable husband A washable dress A valuable vase A readable book Back to ZICS
Continued… • some adjectives ending in ible 1 Collapse collapsible Reverse reversible Response responsible Sensible sensible 1 A sensible idea A possible solution A compatible software A reversible jacket flexible hours Back to ZICS
Continued… • Some adjectives end in -ful. These adjectives describe noun or pronouns that are full of something or have a lot of something. • • a beautiful face a cheerful baby a powerful machine a skillful player a painful injury a joyful smile a wonderful time a useful book a careful student a helpful teacher playful children colorful clothes Back to ZICS
Continued… • Some adjectives end in -ous. • • • a famous writer a mountainous area a dangerous job a humorous film mischievous children a courageous soldier an adventurous explorer a poisonous snake a generous gift marvelous results Back to ZICS
Continued… • Some adjectives end in -y. • • a messy room a sleepy dog a muddy path an easy test a noisy car dirty hands a cloudy sky thirsty children a sunny day stormy weather a lazy worker juicy fruit Back to ZICS
Continued… • Some adjectives end in -less. These adjectives describe a person or thing that does not have something. • • • a cloudless sky a sleeveless dress a careless driver a joyless song a useless tool a meaningless word a fearless fighter homeless people seedless grapes harmless animals Back to ZICS
Continued… • Some adjectives end in -al. • • a national flag musical instruments electrical goods a coastal town personal possessions a traditional costume magical powers medical equipment Back to ZICS
Continued… • Here are some adjectives that end in -ic, -ish, -ible, able, -ive and -ly. • • a fantastic singer an energetic dog basic grammar enthusiastic shouting a selfish act foolish behavior stylish clothes childish talk a terrible mess a sensible answer horrible smells visible footprints a likeable child comfortable clothes valuable advice suitable colors an imaginative story expensive jewelry talkative children a creative artist friendly teachers a lovely dress a lively cat an elderly man Back to ZICS
Participles used as Adjectives • Present Participle (-ing forms) are used as adjective • A boring story • Loving parents • Running water results a caring nurse a charming smile an interesting book a smiling face shocking behavior disappointing Back to ZICS
Continued… • Past Participle (-ed forms) are used as adjective • A closed door a painted wall boiled eggs • a divided nation worried passengers added value • Dried fruit a disappointed person satisfied customers Back to ZICS
Continued… • Past Participles have some (-en forms) are used as adjective • frozen fruit a rotten apple • Spoken English stolen watches a broken bag a hidden meaning Back to ZICS
B R E V
VERB • • Verb: Is a word or group of words used to show Action: He plays soccer. Existence: He is in the library. State of being: He is a doctor. Back to ZICS
Verbs are divided into two section Verbs Ordinary/Lexical Verbs Auxiliary Verbs Back to ZICS
AUXILIARY VERBS 1 • Principle Auxiliary Verbs 2 • Semi-Auxiliary Verbs 3 • Model Auxiliary Verbs Back to ZICS
AUXILIARY VERBS • Principle Auxiliary Verbs 1 • • Are also called flexible auxiliary verbs. Principle auxiliary verbs are those verbs which can be used in two different forms: § § Can be use as main verb Can be used as auxiliary verb. • Principle Auxiliaries are divided into three types: to be is, am, are, was, were, been, being, to be, be to do do, did, does To have Have, has, had Back to ZICS
AUXILIARY VERBS 1 • • • Semi Auxiliary Verbs Semi auxiliary are verbs and expressions which function almost as modal verbs. Ex: He can play cricket. He should play cricket. He has to play cricket. be going to have to has to had better would rather be supposed to Ought to • • He is going to work. They have to see me. She has to understand. You had to tell me the truth. You had better come on time. I would rather die than beg. You are supposed to do your H. W She ought to study English. Back to ZICS
AUXILIARY VERBS 1 • Model Auxiliary Verbs can We can provide you best quality of education. could They could manage the institute rules well. may She may attend party tomorrow. might He might follow all steps for the presentation. should We should provide the right materials to students. shall We shall be at the party tomorrow. will ought to He will follow your ideas. We ought to read all the papers questions. must You must study for your exam. need I needn’t talk about this issue again. dare He dare trust her. Back to ZICS
Ordinary Verb • Ordinary Verbs: Are also called lexical verbs, main verbs, principle verbs or full verbs. • Ordinary Verbs: Are those which only have one function in a sentence (as main verb) • Ex: study, dance, write, play, teach and so on. • • • She dances gracefully. He writes an essay every morning. Afghan players play cricket very well. Back to ZICS
Transitive Verbs Intransitive Verbs ORDINARY VERBS Linking Verbs Phrasal Verbs Causative Verbs Progressive Verbs Non-progressive Verbs Back to ZICS
Continued… • The Comparative Form is the higher degree of Adjective and it is used to compare two people, things or places with each other. The comparative form is usually made by adding (er) to the adjective. The word (than) is often used to compare two things or people. • For example, you say: • Mr. Lee is taller than Philip. • A car is faster than a bike. Back to ZICS
Continued… • The Comparative Form is the higher degree of Adjective and it is used to compare two people, things or places with each other. The comparative form is usually made by adding (er) to the adjective. The word (than) is often used to compare two things or people. • For example, you say: • Mr. Lee is taller than Philip. • A car is faster than a bike. Back to ZICS
Continued… • The Comparative Form is the higher degree of Adjective and it is used to compare two people, things or places with each other. The comparative form is usually made by adding (er) to the adjective. The word (than) is often used to compare two things or people. • For example, you say: • Mr. Lee is taller than Philip. • A car is faster than a bike. Back to ZICS
Infinitive… § There are two kinds of verbs in English. • Finite Verb One Two • Non-Finite Verb Back to ZICS
NOW IT IS TIME TO EXERCISE
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