Morphology The study of word formation
Observations n Boldest = bold + est bold cannot be divided n Boy has a meaning in itself n At does not have a meaning, it indicates relationship n Serve can be a word, pre- as in preserve cannot n Friendliest works, friendestly does not. n TV and telly are formed from television
Conclusions 1. words are made up of meaningful units called morphemes 2. lexical morphemes have meaning And grammatical morphemes do not 3. Bound morphemes cannot stand alone as free morphemes can. 4. There are inflectional and derivational morphemes 5. Languages can create new words freely and systematically.
Morpheme n A minimal unit having more or less constant meaning associated with a more or less constant form. n Ex: buyers = {buy} + {er} + {s} n Evidence: buy, buying, farmer, driver, boys, dogs, cats. . …… NOTE: morphemes and syllables are different. See: cats and alligator…. . how many syllables? And morphemes?
Practice What does it mean? n {Mc} as in Mc. Muffin, Mc. Nuggets n {oholic} as in workoholic, chocoholic, foodoholic Action and package contain two morphemes. What is the evidence? {act} + {ion} and {pack} + {age}
Same look different morpheme …. . same morpheme …. Different look …. n Buyer and shorter. {er} n {AG} and {COMP} n Boys = {boy} + {PLU} n Men = ? n Walked = {walk} + {PAST} n Went = ?
Practice n HOW MANY MORPHEMES? n Actor n Winter n Forthrightness n Mother-in-law n Undo n Aspirin n Best
Lexical or Grammatical? n Restating n Strongest n Actively n Precede n Disentangled n Ran n Women n The n Lexical morphemes have a meaning. n Grammatical morphemes express a relationship between Lexical morphemes.
Free or Bound morphemes? n {er} in teachers n {cur} in recur, incur, occur n {at}, {to} and other prepositions n {pel} as in repel, compel, impel n Find five words with the bound lexical m. {mit} as in ‘send, go’. What about mitten…. ? n {bio-} and {tele-}: lexical/grammatical. Bound/free. Find five words. What is the meaning of each morpheme. n Free morphemes can stand alone as words. They may be lexical or grammatical: [serve], [press], [at], [and]. n Bound morphemes cannot stand alone as words. See [clude] as in exclude, include, preclude. They can be grammatical as in [PLU] as in boys, girls, cats.
Inflectional and derivational n Bound morpheme = affix= prefix/suffix n Ex. Depress= {de} + {press} helpful= {help} + {ful} men = {man} + {PLU}
8 English Inflectional morphemes INFLECTIO NAL AFFIX MEANING ROOT EXAMPLE {PLU} Plural Noun Boys {POSS} Possessive Noun Boy’s {COMP} Comparative Adjective Older {SUP} Superlative Adjective oldest {PRES} Present Verb walks {PAST} Past Verb walked {PAST PART} Past participle Verb Driven {PRES PART} Present participle Driving Verb
Derivational suffixes n {ize} noun to verb as in: criticize, rubberize, vulcanize, pasteurize, mesmerize… n Or adjective to verb as in: normalize, finalize, equalize… n {ful} adjective to adverb as in : helpful, careful…. . n {ly} adjective to adverb as in: quickly, carefully, swiftly, mightily…. o nouns to adjective: manly… Morpheme lexical free bound nouns Verbs Adjectives grammatical free bound prepositions articles conjunctions Inflectional Compress Depress Oppress Repress suppress Subvert invert convert at, the, and Derivational
Derivational prefixes n {un} as in unhappy, unwary, unassuming, unforgettable. n All inflectional affixes are native to English. n {dis} displeasure, disproportionate, dislike, distrust n n {a} asymmetrical, asexual, atheist, atypical Many derivational affixes are borrowings from other languages. Ex: {ize}, {dis}, {de}, {re}, {a}. {anti} n {anti} anti-American, anti. Castro, anti-aircraft…
Spanish morphemes…. n Tío n Abrir n Muchacha n Tu abres n Abuela n Nosotros abrimos n Nieto n la n Hermana n Las n Hermanos n Estan Contando n Abuelo n Ellos han contado n Nieta n Tías n Muchacho
Italian morphemes n maestra, maestro, amica, amico n matita, matite, pizza, pizze n cantare, suonare, ballare n io canto, io suono, io ballo n ho cantato, ho suonato, ho ballato n sto cantando, sto suonando, sto ballando. n grandissima, bellissima, piccolissima n Cinzietta, Annetta, Marietta n zietta, casetta, cenetta n List the morphemes and decide what is their type and their function.
Kurdish morphemes n Aaqil ‘wise’ n Aaqilii ‘forethought’ n Diz ‘robber’ n Dizii ‘robbery’ n Draiž ‘long’ n Draižii ‘length’ n Zaanaa ‘wise’ n Zaanaaii ‘erudition’ n Garm ‘warm’ n Garmii ‘warmth’ What is the type, the form, and the function of the affix…. . ?
n Culturalmente n Candidamente n Attualmente n Realmente n Stupidamente n Intelligentemente
Learning new vocabulary Culturalmente Candidamente Attualmente Realmente Stupidamente Intelligentemente Attivo Costruttivo Reattivo Selettivo Inattivo Inespressivo Intollerante Inaccurate Demotivare Destabilizzante Demistificare Delegittimare Essenziale Emozionale Sociale Tendenziale operazionale
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