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Morphology Lesson 6 B
ESONERO • LUNEDI 15 DICEMBRE • 10. 00 • NESSUNA PRENOTAZIONE • ore 10 -00 A-L ore 11. 00 M-Z
Structure of Spoken Language (from Crystal 1997) Pragmatics Structure Medium of Transmission Phonetics Phonology Grammar Morphology Syntax Use Meaning (semantics) Lexicon Discourse
CLASSIFYING GRAMMAR
CLASSIFYING MORPHOLOGY
THE OVERALL PICTURE
Morphemes • minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function • Distinction between free morphemes and bound morphemes
Free morphemes • can stand by themselves as a single word e. g. grace • Can be lexical (e. g. boy, elephant) or functional (e. g. and, but)
Bound morphemes • Cannot stand alone but need to be “bound” to another morpheme, e. g. re-, -ful • Prefixes and suffixes are bound morphemes • Divided into derivational and inflectional
BASE FORMS boy, yes, elephant • No CONSTITUENT PARTS • also called ROOTS or STEMS
PREFIXES e. g. un-, de-, super • meaningful elements • come BEFORE base form • lexical role – allow for the construction of a large number of new words
SUFFIXES e. g. –ness, -ed, -er • meaningful elements • 2 types: DERIVATIONAL INFLECTIONAL
DEFINING SUFFIXES
INFLECTION OF PLURAL
INFLECTION OF VERBS
black bird vs. blackbird • BLACK BIRD • two words • bird which is black • meaning is predictable • classified as a PHRASE (NP) • BLACKBIRD • one word • a particular type of bird (merlo) • meaning not predictable • classified as a COMPOUND
IT’S, WE’LL etc. • clitics • bound words (cannot stand alone) • cannot be stressed
POWER STATION • • two words station is the head power is the modifier classified as a compound
green house vs. greenhouse (like black bird vs. blackbird) • GREEN HOUSE • GREENHOUSE • meaning is predictable • meaning not predictable • classified as a PHRASE (NP) • classified as a COMPOUND
white house vs. White House • white house • White House • casa bianca • Casa Bianca • meaning is predictable • meaning not predictable • classified as a PHRASE (NP) • classified as a COMPOUND
Compounds can be single words • e. g. blackbird or combinations of words • e. g. power station
COMPOUNDS • COMPOUND VERBS • COMPOUND ADJECTIVES • COMPOUND NOUNS
COMPOUND VERBS • VERB-VERB stir-fry • NOUN-VERB air-condition • ADJECTIVE VERB dry-clean • PREPOSITION VERB underestimate
COMPOUND ADJECTIVES • NOUN-ADJECTIVE sky-high • ADJECTIVE-ADJECTIVE red-hot • PREPOSITION-ADJECTIVE hyper-active
COMPOUND NOUNS • VERB-NOUN swearword • NOUN-NOUN hairnet • ADJECTIVE NOUN • PREPOSITION-NOUN blackboard overcoat
CV, CN or CA ? • • • earthquake sightsee goldfish scarecrow postman • • • CN (noun-verb) CV (noun-verb) CN (noun/adj-noun) CN (verb-noun) CN (noun? -noun)
CV, CN, or CA? • • • birdcage sunrise maneating haircut homesick • • • CN (noun-noun) CN (noun-verb) CA (noun-verb) CN (noun-noun) CA (noun-adj)
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