MORPHOLOGY LECTURE DERIVATION prefixation suffixation TH 5

MORPHOLOGY – LECTURE DERIVATION prefixation suffixation TH 5

Prefixation – cont’d In the previous lecture we considered prefixes according to their meaning, and had listed the following groups of prefixes: 1. negative in (im, il, ir), un, non, dis, a 2. reversative un, dis, de 3. pejorative mal, mis, pseudo n

4. degree and size : over, under, hypo, super, sub, arch, out, semi, ultra 5. attitudinal pro, contra, counter, anti 6. locative super, sub, trans, inter 7. time and order fore, post, ante, re, ex

8. conversion be, en (em) 9. mixed bag auto, neo, proto, pan 10. number bi, di (/di/, /dai/), tri (/tri/, /trai/), mono, uni, multi, poly

According to their functions, prefixes can be divided into 1. class-maintaining 2. class-changing While class-maintaining prefixes are semantic modifiers, class-changing prefixes adjust the grammatical functions of the words

Some class-changing prefixes are a-: adjectives from verbs or nouns, The house is ablaze (not: the ablaze house). n be-: forms transitive verbs from adjectives, verbs or nouns. befriend, bewitch. n en-: forms transitive verbs from nouns. entomb, entrench enslave, envision, enlarge, enable, entitle. n

Suffixation In derivational suffixation we adjust the grammatical function of the word for a given syntactic slot The ______ men and women prayed for food and ____. hunger forgive hungry forgiveness n Suffixes are most often class-changing

Suffixes forming NOUNS From nouns –dom, -ess, -iana -er -ette, -hood, -ism, -let, -ling, -scape, -ship, -ry

From verbs: -ation –ee –ure, –al, -ary, -er -ment -ing –ance/ence

From adjectives: -cy –ness -er -ist -ity -ce –dom -hood, -th

Suffixes forming Verbs n n from nouns –ify, -ize from adjectives –en shorten, whiten, lengthen!!!

Suffixes forming adjectives n n n from nouns –al; allomorphic variation -ial and –ual -esque -less -ate -en -ese -ful -ic -ly -ous -y -ish

Adjectives from verbs n n n –able, in conjunction with prefix – un, unbelievable, unthinkable. –less countless, -ant/-ent -atory -ful -ive

Adjectives from adjectives n n n –ish greenish, eightish –ly goodly, -some queersome, lonesome

Suffixes forming adverbs n n -ly, -ward –wise –fold –ways –fashion -style