MORPHOLOGY Group АН 12 1 Affixes Affix is

MORPHOLOGY Group АН 121

Affixes Affix is a morpheme that is attached to a word stem to form a new word.

Affixes may be derivational, like English –ness and pre-, or inflectional, like English plural –s and past tense –ed. They are bound morphemes by definition; prefixes and suffixes may be separate affixes.

Affixation is, thus, the linguistic process speakers use to form different words by adding morphemes (affixes) at the beginning (prefixation), the middle (infixation) or the end (suffixation) of words.

Six types of affixes infix confix interfix simulfix dan-transfix superfix

Infix is an affix inserted inside a word stem (an existing word). e. g. In Indonesian the word “gembung” means “bloated”, while “gelembung” means “bubble”. The word “kerja” means “work”, while “kinerja” means “performance”.

Confix is an affix that is attached to the front and to the end of a base simultaneously. e. g. In Indonesian the word “lapar” means “hungry”, while “kelaparan” means “hunger”.

Interfix is a term in linguistic which describes an affix which is placed between two other morphemes and doesn’t have a semantic meaning. e. g. Speed-o-meter, mile-o-meter.

Simulfix is a type of affix that changes one or more existing phonemes in order to modify the meaning of a morpheme. Examples of simulfixes in English are generally considered irregularities, all of which left over from pluralization rules that existed before the Great Vowel Shift. e. g. man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, tooth-teeth.

Superfix is a type of affix where a suprasegmental change (such as tone or stress) modifies an existing morpheme’s meaning. An example in English is the creation of initial-stress-derived nouns. e. g. próduce – продукция (noun) prodúce – производить (verb)

Dan-transfix is a discontinuous affix that occur at more than one position in a word. The prototypical example comes from the Semitic languages, where nearly all word derivation and inflection involves the interdigitation of a discontinuous root with a discontinuous affix.

For example, derivations and inflections of the Maltese discontinuous triliteral root |k-t-b| (to write) are shown below: transfix -i-e-i-u -ie- word kiteb kitbu ktieb gloss he wrote they wrote book

English Prefixes un – unknown, unhappy in – indirect, incomplete il – illegal, illogical ir – irregular, irreversible im – immortal, impossible dis – dislike, disappear non – nonperformance, nonalcoholic re – resell, re-export mis – misunderstand, mislead over – overcook, overpay under – underplay, undercharge pre – preposition, prewar post – postwar, postposition anti – antiterrorist, anti-Semitism counter – countermeasure, counterstrike co – cooperation, coexistence inter – international, intercity ex – ex-president, ex-girlfriend sub – subparagraph, subterraneous

English Suffixes tion – operation, expiration – invention, intention sion – decision, mission ure – departure, failure al – derivational, proposal ent/ant – assistant, student, pleasant er/or – worker, doctor ian – politician, christian ity – reality, individuality, ability ance/ence – existence, maintenance ness – ilness, unhappiness dom – freedom, boredom hood – childhood, neighbourhood

English Suffixes ship – friendship, relationship less – useless, helpless ary – accessory, elementary y/ly – quickly, sadly, slowly able/ible – breakable, possible ful – wonderful, helpful ous – dangerous, poisonous ive/sive – expensive, affective, imaginative ic – heroic, atomic ish – biggish, boyish ant – pleasant, claimant en – fasten, shorten fy – basify, simply

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