Morphology and Syntax Inflection Agreement I You always

Morphology and Syntax Inflection

Agreement I/You always sing/*sings the same song. She always *sing/sings the same song.

Agreement paradigms ég heyr-I ‘I hear’ þú heyr-ir ‘you hear’ hann heyr-ir ‘he hears’ io cred-o tu cred-i lui cred-e við heyr-um þið heyr-ið þeir heyr-a ‘we hear’ ‘you(pl) hear’ ‘they hear’ ‘I believe’ noi cred-iamo ‘we believe’ ‘you believe’ voi cred-ete ‘you(pl) believe’ ‘he believes’ loro cred-ono ‘they believe’

jeg hør-er ‘I hear’ du hør-er ‘you hear’ han hør-er ‘he hears’ vi hør-er ‘we hear’ I hør-er ‘you(pl) hear’ de hør-er ‘they hear’ ek werk ‘I work’ jy werk ‘you work’ hy werk ‘he works’ ons werk ‘we work’ julle werk ‘you(pl) work’ hulle werk ‘they work’

Object agreement Pe-fi-n iñche metawe. see-objectmarker-subjectmarker I vessel ‘I see the vessel’

Subject/object agreement 1 2 3 with definite object singular plural szeret-em szeret-jük szeret-ed szeret-itek szeret-ik no definite object singular plural szeret-ek szeret-ünk szeret-sz szeret-tek szeret-nek

Adjective-noun agreement de koe het paard de oud-e koe een oud-e koeien het oud-e paard een oud paard oud-e paarden ‘old horses’

More gender agreement Ov-a star-a knjiga je this-fem. sg old-fem. sg book(fem. sg) is bræður mín-ir brothers my-masc. pl pal-a. fallenfem. sg systur mín-ar sisters my-fem. pl

Mood indicative sg 1 dig-o 2 dic-es 3 dic-e pl dec-imos dec-ís dic-en subjunctive sg pl dig-amos dig-as dig-áis dig-an

Imperative mood Clean your room right now!

Tense Present laudō laudās laudat laudā mus laudā tis laudant Past ‘I praise’ ‘you praise’ ‘s/he praises’ ‘we praise’ ‘you(pl) praise’ ‘they praise’ laudā bam ‘I praised’ bam laudā bās ‘you praised’ bās laudā bat ‘s/he praised’ bat laudābā mus ‘we praised’ mus laudābā tis ‘you(pl) praised’ tis laudā bant ‘they praised’ bant

Future laudā bō bō laudā bis laudā bit laudā bimus laudā bitis laudā bunt Perfect ‘I will praise’ ‘you will praise’ ‘s/he will praise’ ‘we will praise’ ‘you(pl) will praise’ ‘they will praise’ laudā vīī ‘I have praised’ v laudāvi stī ‘you have praised’ stī laudā vit ‘s/he has praised’ vit laudā vimus ‘we have praised’ vimus laudāvi stis ‘you have praised’ stis laudāvē runt ‘they have praised’ runt

Agreement on a non-finite verb: Kellemetlen volt Jánosnak az igazságot bevalla-ni-a. unpleasant was John the truth admit-inf-3 sg ‘It was unpleasant for John to admit the truth. ’

Case Der Mann gab der Frau den Hut. the man gave the woman the hat Die Frau gab dem Mann den Hut. the woman gave the man the hat Die Frau sah den Mann. the woman saw the man

der Hut [des Mann-es] the hat the-gen man-gen ‘the man’s hat’ Roughly: the nominative case for subjects the genitive case for ‘possessors’ of another noun the dative case for indirect objects the accusative case for direct objects

singular nominative femin-a genitive femin-ae dative femin-ae accusative femin-am plural femin-ae femin-arum femin-is femin-as

A bit more case. . . 1 Nominative 2 Genitive 3 Accusative 4 Partitive 5 Essive 6 Translative 7 Inessive 8 Elative 9 Illative 10 Adessive 11 Ablative 12 Allative 13 Abessive talon taloa talona taloksi talossa talosta taloon talolla talolta talolle talotta house (subject) of a house (certain direct objects) house (certain direct objects, certain subjects) as a house to a house (fig. ) in a house out of a house into a house at a house from a house to a house (concr. ) without a house

Ergative/absolutive case systems a. Der Mann the-nom man schlief. slept b. Der Mann the-nom man las read a. Arnaq yurartuq. woman-abs dances b. Angutem tangrraa man-erg sees ‘The man sees the woman’ den Artikel. the-acc article arnaq. woman-abs (NOT: ‘The woman sees the man. ’)

What may happen if you don’t apply agreement, mood and case inflection properly: http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Xb. I-f. Dz. UJXI

Ablaut *break-ed *steal-ed *sting-ed *ring-ed broke stole stung rang

Suppletion *be-ed *go-ed *bong/*bung/*bang *gong/*gung/*gang was went

Syncretism I walk-ed, you walk-ed, she walk-ed, we walk-ed, you walk-ed, they walk-ed I rang, you rang, she rang, we rang, you rang, they rang I went, you went, she went, we went, you went, they went

Blocking Why do went and goed, or sang and singed, not co-exist? Blocking A more specific form blocks a less specific form.

warmer, faster, quicker #more warm, #more fast, #more quick *beautifuller, *comfortabler, *typicaller more beautiful, more comfortable, more typical