Morphology 1 1 Morphology is the field

Morphology 1 1

Morphology is the field within linguistics that studies the internal structure of words. Morphology 1 2

a morpheme • the smallest unit of grammatical analysis. Morphology 1 3

l ¡ be identifiable from one word to another and l Contribute in some way to the meaning of the whole word. Morphology 1 4

Analytical process: Synthetical process: Doctor To a doctor English doktor k doktorovi Slovak more and shorter words fewer and longer words Morphology 1 5

Monofunctional morphemes – agglutination • Polyfunctional morphemes – inflection • Analytical process - isolation. Morphology 1 6

Models of morphology • Morpheme-based morphology, which makes use of an Item-and-Arrangement approach. • Lexeme-based morphology, which normally makes use of an Item-and-Process approach. • Word-based morphology, which normally makes use of a Word-and-Paradigm approach. Morphology 1 7

A word and its forms: DERIVATION Morphology 1 8

v. MORPHEMES v derivational read + -er un- + tie vinflectional work – work(-s) work – work (-ed) vparadigm Morphology 1 9

Derivationally related words are different words with a shared base. We talk about so called word classes , primary grammatical categories, parts of speech or lexical categories: Morphology 1 10

Why do we group words into categories? Morphology 1 11

The lexicon (vocabulary) of language - much higher than a hundred thousand. It is convenient not to study individual items but to group certain items into classes sharing certain features, and examine them together Morphology 1 12

¡ conversion (or zero derivation) ¡ word passing from one word class to another (or several others) without taking any affix Morphology 1 13

Adverbs derived from adjectives: Nouns derived from nouns Nouns derived from members of other word classes Adjectives derived from adjectives Adjectives derived from members of other word classes Verbs derived from verbs Verbs derived from members of other word classes Morphology 1 14

Jill laid the book on the table. ¡ ¡ The book lay on the table. ¡ Morphology 1 15

Intransitive ¡ LIE (past lay) ¡ RISE (past rose) ¡ FALL (past fell) ¡ SIT (past sat) ¡ Morphology 1 Transitive LAY (past laid) RAISE ( raised) FELL (past felled) SET (past set) 16

¡ The transitive verbs are called CAUSATIVE that is they mean „cause to X “where X stands for the meaning of the corresponding intransitive. Morphology 1 17

¡ A word and its forms: INFLECTION Morphology 1 18

¡ ¡ ¡ (- s ), (- ed), (-er), are attached to words to indicate their grammatical functions, for example number, tense, degree, without involving a full semantic change (i. e. a change in meaning). i n f l e x i o n a l morphemes. p a r a d i g m Inflectionally related word forms are the forms of the same word A paradigm is the complete set of related wordforms associated with a given lexeme Morphology 1 19

LEXEME ? Morphology 1 20

PERFORM ¡ This pianist performs in the local hall every week. ¡ Mary told us that this pianist performed in the local hall every week. ¡ These pianists perform in the local hall every week. ¡ Morphology 1 21

¡ PERFORM = LEXEME=an abstract kind of word of which the word forms are all inflectional variants Morphology 1 22

TELL is a lexeme of told (past tense of tell ) ¡ PIANIST is a lexeme of PIANISTS (plural of pianist) ¡ Morphology 1 23

¡ Inflection vs. word-formation Morphology 1 24

inflectional rules - relate different forms of the same lexeme ¡ word-formation - relate two different lexemes. ¡ Morphology 1 25

¡ ¡ word-formation: derivation and compounding Morphology 1 26

¡ Roots in English are mostly free rather than bound. Morphology 1 27

¡ How can we tell that a pair of such roots constitutes a compound word? Morphology 1 28

a green house a greenhouse Morphology 1 29

Black bóard (board that is black) bláckboard (board for writing on) ¡ Silk wórm (worm made of silk = toy) sílkworm(caterpillar that spins silk) ¡ Hair nét (net made of hair) háirnet ( net for covering hair) ¡ White house (house that is white) (the) Whíte House ¡ Toy fáctory (factory that is a toy) tóy factory (factory where toys are made) ¡ Morphology 1 30

¡ COMPOUNDS Morphology 1 31

Stress (only compound nouns) ¡ meaning that is more or less idiosyncratic (unusual) or unpredictable. ¡ Morphology 1 32

¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ COMPOUND VERBS: COMPOUND ADJECTIVES COMPOUND NOUNS HEADED AND HEADLESS COMPOUNDS BLENDS AND ACRONYMS COMPOUNDS CONTAINING BOUND COMBINING FORMS PHRASAL WORDS Morphology 1 33

COMPOUND VERBS: ¡ COMPOUND ADJECTIVES ¡ Morphology 1 34

¡ COMPOUND VERBS Morphology 1 35

¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ VERB_VERB (VV) stir-fry, freeze-dry NOUN –VERB (NV) hand-wash, air-condition , steam-clean ADJECITVE-VERB (AV) dry-clean, whitewash PREPOSITION-VERB (PV) underestimate, outrun, overcook Morphology 1 36

¡ right-headed Morphology 1 37

¡ COMPOUND ADJECTIVES Morphology 1 38

NOUN-ADJECTIVE (NA) sky-high, coal-black, oil-rich ¡ ADJECTIVE-ADJECTIVE (AA) grey-green, red-hot ¡ PREPOSITION-ADJECTIVE (PA) underfull, overactive ¡ Morphology 1 39