Modes of Discourse Disjunctive and block language Pennarola

Modes of Discourse Disjunctive and block language Pennarola, Ch. 4

Mode of discourse Leech, English in Advertising, chapter 9 • Spoken • Written • Scripted (written to be spoken) – Disjunctive (& block), abbreviated modes

Mode of discourse Leech, English in Advertising, chapter 9 • Written mode = - Preservation through time - Opportunity to refer backwards and forwards (You) - Ability to plan, revise and rehearse the message before performance (I) • Oral mode = limited capacity of the linguistic memory • REPETITION • ALLITERATION • RHYME

Mode of discourse : Orality Leech, English in Advertising, chapter 9 • Orality activates Short Term Memory (STM) • In STM we store grammatical elements in sequence until the anticipations they create are solved. • We then may store such elements as If you agree. . ; The only… (incomplete structures) which need at least one further element to acquire grammatical sense

Oral mode of discourse Leech, English in Advertising, chapter 9 • The text if the only… is incomplete at three levels: – incomplete sentence – incomplete clause – incomplete nominal group. Expectations of if the only… may be satisfied with If the only train to London is the 2. 00 am, lets’ go by bus. 3 levels of satisfaction: 1) the noun train (complete nominal group), 2) the verb and complement is the 2. 00 am (completing the clause) 3) the independent clause let’s go by bus (completing the sentence).

Mode of discourse: scripted texts Leech, English in Advertising, chapter 9 • Scripted mode = text in which the oral mode is reproduced in details. • This is not always true. See, for ex. , intonation – how can we reproduce it? What about hesitations, false starting? – – What are you looking for?

Disjunctive & abbreviated modes of discourse Leech, English in Advertising, chapter 9 • The disjunctive and abbreviated modes are a subcategory of the scripted mode used to augment the illusion of spoken language • They are two restricted varieties of English which are heavily employed in advertising

Disjunctive & abbreviated modes Leech, English in Advertising, chapter 9 Message is very simple, its significance inferred from the circumstances in which it is transmitted. Accompanied by other means (visuals) • Disjunctive mode is used – Public notices, signs – Posters – Catalogues, inventories, tabulated materials – Postal address – Labels and trade-marks – Titles and headings

Disjunctive & abbreviated modes Leech, English in Advertising, chapter 9 • Abbreviated mode is used in: – Telegrams – Newspaper headlines.

Disjunctive mode See Leech, English in Advertising, chapter 9 • Disjunctive language offers many clues so as to have a correct interpretation of the message. Notices on 4 DOORS: Artizzu Prof. Fodde No exit Staff only How much of English grammar is needed for their description? ?

Disjunctive mode See Leech, English in Advertising, chapter 9 • In disjunctive grammar, the only grammar we need is a knowledge of the structure of English proper names: one part of the nominal group. GENTLEMEN’S WASHROOM ENQUIRIES AND APPLICATIONS FOR VISA

Disjunctive mode See Leech, English in Advertising, chapter 9 • The disjunctive grammar that uses proper names or nominal group structures only is called BLOCK LANGUAGE. • Block language is characteristic of many types of public announcements, in posters.

Disjunctive grammar Leech, English in Advertising, chapter 9

Disjunctive grammar Leech, English in Advertising, chapter 9 • Each NG = isolated unit • Relation between different parts of the message is inferred (not grammatically indicated). • In poster-like presentation the Z-reading path is waived for the sake of immediate visual impact

Disjunctive grammar Leech, English in Advertising, chapter 9 • For you this summer … a golden tan • (A Z structure – INDEPENDENT MINOR CLAUSE) • The castle, at one time a royal residence, is now the property of the National Trust • (A Z structure – DEPENDENT MINOR CLAUSE) You …if you are aged 16 -19 and are taking or have passed your G. C. E. … and your future • (A Z structure – INDEPENDENT MINOR CLAUSE)

Disjunctive grammar Leech, English in Advertising, chapter 9 • Main difference between discursive and disjunctive grammar: – in discursive grammar, minor and non-finite clauses are dependent; – in disjunctive grammar, minor and non-finite clauses are independent

Abbreviated grammar Leech, English in Advertising, chapter 9 • Typical of newspapers headlines • Examples: – “Customs accused of offering secret amnesty”

Abbreviated grammar

Abbreviated grammar • There a lot of pre-modifiers required to save space & to create ambiguity (which means to catch the interest of the reader) British left waffles on Falkland islands a) left Predicator + waffles Complement (waffle = a cake fried in butter) => P C b) left (British left) Head of S + waffles Predicator (to waffle = to ramble, i. e. speak in a confused manner ) => S P.

Small AD • Small ad uses disjunctive grammar abbreviated grammar & block grammar: • LTD Company est 1981 for sale. No assets or liabilities. VAT registered. UK bank acc with chequebook. Avble now. Substantial offers over £ 15, 000. Internet bkg nominee service avble on both. Tel. 08000 152469 or 07845 495852. quote ref DPH (The Sunday Times, Feb 27 th, 2005)

Small AD Classifieds • Small ad uses disjunctive grammar abbreviated grammar & block grammar: “The landlord just finished this beautiful Salon and Spa and offering it for sale. Brand new equipment, retail displays, first class decoration, waiting room with fire place. Great Corner Visibility! Excellent retail displays with a great inventory. (4) chair Stations (2) Manicure and pedicure stations (1)Massage room Must see to appreciate, great investment for an active stylist or investment opportunity to run your own business”. (The New York Times, Nov. 26 th, 2013)

Advertising grammar Leech, English in Advertising, chapter 9 • Advertising is a variety of English in which discursive, disjunctive, abbreviated and block language are mingled together and sometimes in an inextricable way. • This happens because of the variety of display methods and type faces of printed advertising.

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