Modern Udmurt language social and cultural aspects Svetlana

Modern Udmurt language: social and cultural aspects Svetlana Edygarova, University of Tartu

Uralic language family Finno-Ugric languages Samoyedic languages Nenets, Enets, Nganasan, Selkup, Kamas Finnic Baltic-Finnic Finnish, Estonian, Livonian, Veps, Votic, Karelian, Ingrian, Sami Ugric Hungarian, Khanty, Mansi Volga-Finnic Mordvin (Erzya, Moksha, Shoksha), Mari (Hill Mari, Meadow Mari) Permic Komi, Komi Permyak, Udmurt

UDMURTS Name variants: “ar”, “arsk people”, “votyak” Ethnic name: “udmurt”, “udmort”, “ukmort” • Location: Udmurtia, Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, Mari El, Perm and Kirov oblast

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The map of the Russian Federation

Population of Udmurt Republic 1, 64 million in general • Udmurts 29. 33 % • Russians 60. 12 % • Tatars 4. 3 % • Others According to the last census of the population (2002) Udmurts are 637. 000, 72 % speaks mother tongue In 1989 the figure was 715 000 Udmurt language is endangered language according to UNESCO red book on endangered languages

Udmurt is co-official with Russian language in Udmurt Republic

Studies: -Udmurt language as a mother tongue, -Udmurt literature, -History of Finno-Ugric languages, -Foreign languages (Finnish, Hungarian, English, German) -Summer school of Udmurt language foreigners

Periodicals • • • Udmurt dunne www. udmdunne. ru Invozho http: //www. invozho. ru/ Kenesh Vorskem kyl Dzechbur! Kizili

Literature and arts • • • Etnofuturism Motives of pagan culture Nature and civilization Contrastive expression Mythology

Religion - In ancient times Udmurts worshiped the powers of nature and pagan gods. Some of the religious structures and sites remain up to the present day in some Udmurt villages. Ancient priests used to pray and worship there. Some of the folk holidays take place there now (Gerber). - The religion of the Udmurts has strong animistic roots. They worship ancestors as well as the gods of the earth, forest, sky, water, house, sauna etc.

Southern Udmurts (19 th century)

Modern Southern Udmurts (2008)

Northern Udmurts from Kirovsky region (20 th century)

Northern Udmurts (2008)

Udmurt alphabet А Б В Г Д Е Ё Ж ӝ З ӟ И ӥ Й К Л М Н О Ö П Р С Т У Ф Х Ц Ч ӵ Ш Щ Ъ Ы Ь Э Ю Я

Some words in Udmurt language Udm. тыл кык кыл пу вир лымы синмму мусквöй Transcr. [tyl] [kyk] [kyl] [pu] [vir] [lymy] [s“inm] [musk] [vöj] Fin. tuli kaksi kieli puu veri lumi Eng. fire two tongue, language tree blood snow

Grammatical examples Udm. (Ton) pon-i-d Est. (Sina) pan-i-d Eng. (You) put kõk kaks two pu puu-d (fire)wood ‘You put two pieces of firewood to the oven’ gur-e ahj-u oven-to

Declination Estonian 1. Nominative 3. Genitive 4. Partitive/Accusative 5. Ablative 6. Allative/Dative 7. Adessive 8. Comitative/instrumental 9. Abessive 10. Inessive 11. Illative 12. Elative 13. Terminative 14. Translative 15. Essive 16. Egressive 17. Prolative 18. Approximative Udmurt metsa-lt metsa-le metsa-l metsa-ga metsa-ta metsa-sse metsa-st metsa-ni metsa-ks metsa-na - s’ik-len s’ik/s’ik-ez s’ik-les’ s’ik-ly s’ik-len s’ik-tek s’ik-yn s’ik-e s’ik-ys’(t) s’ik-oz’ s’ik-ys’en s’ik-eti s’ik-lan’

Uralic morphosyntax in Udmurt language: comparative survey of possessive constructions in Udmurt and Uralic languages

Possessee marking Udm. korka-my Fin. talo-mme Hun. ház-unk house-Px. 1 PL ‘our house’ • majority of Uralic languages (except Estonian, Livonian)

Morphologically distinguishes • plural objects (in singular only) korka-os-yd house-PL-PX. 2 SG ‘your houses’ • inalienable objects (in singular only) jyr-yd vs. korka-jed head-PX. 2 SG ‘your head’

No marking: Juxtaposition korka ös ‘house door’ House-NOM door-NOM • In Komi, Mari, Mordvin, Hungarian, Nenets

Duble marking 1. korka-len ös-ez house-GEN door-Px. 3 SG ‘the door of the house’ • Mari, Hungarian, Mordvin

2. korka-les’ ös-s-e chigt-i-d house-ABL door-PX. 3 SG-ACC break-1 PRET-2 SG ‘you broke the door of the house’ Ul’cha-ys’ piosmurt-ez adzdz-i street-EL man-ACC see-1 PRET-1 SG ‘I saw a man in the street’ • Komi

Possessor marking Udm. Myn-am mylkyd kapchi I-GEN mood easy ‘I am in good mood’ Fin. poja-n kirja boy-GEN book ‘boy’s book’ • Komi, Mari, Mordvin, Hungarian, Finnic, Nenets

Possessive adjectives Udm. chagyr s’inm-o nyl blue eye-with girl ‘a girl with blue eyes’ Fin. Tuma-tukka-inen mies ‘man with dark hair’ • Komi, Estonian, Finnish

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