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Lessons 1 and 2.ppt

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Modern Scientific and Technical Communication Dr. Alina A. Alexeeva alina. alexeeva@gmail. com Modern Scientific and Technical Communication Dr. Alina A. Alexeeva alina. alexeeva@gmail. com

Structure of the Course • Oral scientific and technical communication • Written scientific and Structure of the Course • Oral scientific and technical communication • Written scientific and technical communication

• What is your motivation to attend these lessons? • Have you ever • What is your motivation to attend these lessons? • Have you ever had any experience in written/oral scientific/technical communication? • If yes, tell us a little bit about it.

Oral vs. written communication • Aims: to inform or persuade? • Style: formal or Oral vs. written communication • Aims: to inform or persuade? • Style: formal or semi-formal? • Structure?

Oral scientific and technical communication Oral scientific and technical communication

Presentation is like a sweet Presentation is like a sweet

2. Form of the presentation 1. Contents of the speech 7 2. Form of the presentation 1. Contents of the speech 7

Contents of the speech • Deep ideas • Choice of information • Structure • Contents of the speech • Deep ideas • Choice of information • Structure • Logics

Physical aspect Visual aspect Form of the presentation Language aspect Psychological aspect Physical aspect Visual aspect Form of the presentation Language aspect Psychological aspect

Form of the presentation • Physical aspect: - muscular relaxation - breath - body Form of the presentation • Physical aspect: - muscular relaxation - breath - body language (gestures, postures, and movement) - articulation

Form of the presentation • Psychological aspect: - anxiety management - making contact with Form of the presentation • Psychological aspect: - anxiety management - making contact with the audience - appropriate answers to the questions

Form of the presentation • Language aspect: - correct use of grammar structures, words Form of the presentation • Language aspect: - correct use of grammar structures, words and expressions, correct pronunciation etc. - rhetorical techniques

Form of the presentation • Visual aspect: - contents and design of slides Form of the presentation • Visual aspect: - contents and design of slides

Speech anxiety (stage fright) • speaker–audience opposition • fear of rejection • excitement paralyzing Speech anxiety (stage fright) • speaker–audience opposition • fear of rejection • excitement paralyzing fear

Ways of relaxation • breath exercises • physical exercises Ways of relaxation • breath exercises • physical exercises

Breath is the key to life 16 Breath is the key to life 16

Breath exercises Ex. 1 As you inhale, draw your shoulders and elbows back. Hold Breath exercises Ex. 1 As you inhale, draw your shoulders and elbows back. Hold your breath for 2 sec. , then exhale abruptly.

Breath exercises Ex. 2 Inhale energetically for 4 sec. , straining all your muscles. Breath exercises Ex. 2 Inhale energetically for 4 sec. , straining all your muscles. Then exhale and relax all the muscles for 4 -6 sec.

Breath exercises Ex. 3 Place a hand on your lower belly. Inhale deeply into Breath exercises Ex. 3 Place a hand on your lower belly. Inhale deeply into your lower belly. Feel the hand rising as your belly fills. Don’t let your chest and shoulders rise.

Breath exercises Ex. 4 Sit down on a chair and bend over so that Breath exercises Ex. 4 Sit down on a chair and bend over so that your body would lie on your laps. Inhale slowly – your body will rise; exhale pronouncing “pf-f-f”.

Breath exercises Ex. 5 Inhale into your lower belly. Puff out your cheeks. Blow Breath exercises Ex. 5 Inhale into your lower belly. Puff out your cheeks. Blow the air out of your cheeks through the narrow hole in your mouth. Do it slowly and with noise.

Muscular relaxation Ex. 1 This exercise can be done in standing, lying or sitting Muscular relaxation Ex. 1 This exercise can be done in standing, lying or sitting position. Strain every muscle of your body for 5 sec. Then relax completely for the next 5 sec.

Muscular relaxation Ex. 2 Adopt an uncomfortable pose. Try to feel the place where Muscular relaxation Ex. 2 Adopt an uncomfortable pose. Try to feel the place where there is a painful point in your body. Use only your mind to relax this muscle without changing your position.

Contents of the speech Contents of the speech

Know your audience • Who are these people? • What do they expect from Know your audience • Who are these people? • What do they expect from your presentation? • What do they already know? • What don’t they know yet? • What information will be useful for them? What information will be redundant?

The Pyramid Principle • Multilevel system (the lower the level, the more details it The Pyramid Principle • Multilevel system (the lower the level, the more details it has) • Executive summary as the peak of the pyramid • Supporting arguments • Inductive reasoning • Deductive reasoning

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Gandapas structure of the presentation • Introduction (20%) • Body (60%) CLIMAX • Conclusion Gandapas structure of the presentation • Introduction (20%) • Body (60%) CLIMAX • Conclusion (20%)

Minto model + Gandapas model = • Introduction (20%) • Body (60%) • Conclusion Minto model + Gandapas model = • Introduction (20%) • Body (60%) • Conclusion (20%)

vk. com/communication_2017 32 vk. com/communication_2017 32

Credit Requirements • 12 ninety-minute lessons attended • 1 prepared presentation • 1 text Credit Requirements • 12 ninety-minute lessons attended • 1 prepared presentation • 1 text written at home

Introduction • • • Self-presentation Structure of the presentation Question(s) Joke Interesting fact connected Introduction • • • Self-presentation Structure of the presentation Question(s) Joke Interesting fact connected with the topic Story connected with the topic Expression of feelings Compliment to the audience Using of “in-group/out-group” principle

Conclusion • • • Summary of the presentation Prospects Question(s) Joke Story connected with Conclusion • • • Summary of the presentation Prospects Question(s) Joke Story connected with the topic Expression of feelings Compliment to the audience Using of “in-group/out-group” principle Aphorism Appeal

Logical Aspect of Presentation Logical Aspect of Presentation

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Logos appeal to logical reasoning ability of speakers, the message by which you attempt Logos appeal to logical reasoning ability of speakers, the message by which you attempt to reason with your audience

Logos • facts • case studies • statistics • experiments • logical reasoning • Logos • facts • case studies • statistics • experiments • logical reasoning • analogies

Pathos appeal to beliefs and feelings Pathos appeal to beliefs and feelings

Ethos the speaker’s character, credibility, and authority Ethos the speaker’s character, credibility, and authority

Ethos • trustworthiness • expert testimony • reliable sources • fairness Ethos • trustworthiness • expert testimony • reliable sources • fairness

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Argument Structure • A premise (or premiss) of an argument is something that is Argument Structure • A premise (or premiss) of an argument is something that is put forward as a truth, but which is not proven. • A conclusion (or claim) is the statement with which you want the other person to agree. • Inferences are further statements between the conclusion and the premises which translate the premises into the conclusion.

Premises • There may be two or more premises in any argument. • If Premises • There may be two or more premises in any argument. • If you are making an argument, you should be ready to defend any of your own premises. • If you want to attack another person's argument, you can challenge the truth of their premises.

Types of Logical Proofs • Argument from sign • Argument from induction • Argument Types of Logical Proofs • Argument from sign • Argument from induction • Argument from cause • Argument from deduction • Argument from historical, literal, or figurative analogy • Argument from definition • Argument from statistics

Argument from Sign • Certain e. g. Fever is a sign of illness. • Argument from Sign • Certain e. g. Fever is a sign of illness. • Probable e. g. The growing problem of obesity in America is a sign that a growing number of Americans are eating high calorie diets. . .

Argument from Induction A large percentage of home schooled children perform above national averages Argument from Induction A large percentage of home schooled children perform above national averages on standardized tests. Home schooled children receive a superior education.

Argument from Cause Children are violent as a result of playing violent video games. Argument from Cause Children are violent as a result of playing violent video games.

Argument from Deduction 1) Teachers want students to succeed in their studies. 2) Mary Argument from Deduction 1) Teachers want students to succeed in their studies. 2) Mary is a teacher. She wants you to succeed in this class.

Argument from Analogy e. g. , if we use a comparison between Stalin and Argument from Analogy e. g. , if we use a comparison between Stalin and Putin to analyze current events or predict future events in Russia

Argument from Definition The interpretation of what constitutes “life” will have a significant bearing Argument from Definition The interpretation of what constitutes “life” will have a significant bearing on the treatment of embryos for the purposes of stem cell research.

Argument from Statistics The USA should end draft registration because it costs $27. 5 Argument from Statistics The USA should end draft registration because it costs $27. 5 million dollars per year.

Types of Proof Connected with Ethos and Pathos • Argument from Authority CLAIM: California Types of Proof Connected with Ethos and Pathos • Argument from Authority CLAIM: California will have an earthquake. SUPPORT: Professors and scientists say so. • Motivational Proofs CLAIM: You should support this candidate. SUPPORT: This candidate can help you get job security and safe neighborhoods. • Value proofs CLAIM: The curriculum should be multicultural. SUPPORT: A multicultural curriculum will contribute to equality and acceptance.

Toulmin’s Argument Model • Claim • Grounds (data) • Warrant • Backing • Qualifier Toulmin’s Argument Model • Claim • Grounds (data) • Warrant • Backing • Qualifier • Rebuttal

Toulmin’s Argument Model • Claim You should use a hearing aid. • Grounds (data) Toulmin’s Argument Model • Claim You should use a hearing aid. • Grounds (data) Over 70% of all people over 65 years have a hearing difficulty. • Warrant A hearing aid helps most people to hear better. • Backing Hearing aids are available locally. • Qualifier Hearing aids help most people. • Rebuttal There is a support desk that deals with technical problems.

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Home task • Be ready to show breath/muscular relaxation exercises. • (For 5 Home task • Be ready to show breath/muscular relaxation exercises. • (For 5 students): make a presentation to win a grant for your research.