MODERN INTERNATIONAL STYLE ARCHITECTURE Mirrors early

MODERN/INTERNATIONAL STYLE ARCHITECTURE • • • Mirrors early 20 th century development visual arts Arts and Crafts, Art Nouveau, de Stijl, Bauhaus Merging of Aesthetics with functionality Louis Sullivan, Walter Gropius Mass produced materials, economical, functional, efficient society, urban center • International Style: – Volume – Regularity – Avoid Decoration

Gropius, Bauhaus Headquarters, Dessau, Germany, 1919 -25 • • • Est. 1919 -33 Weimar Walter Gropius Hannes Meyer, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Lazlo Moholy-Nagy Functional, cheap, mass produced Utopia

Fank Lloyd Wright (1867 -1959), Guggenheim Museum, New York, NY, 1959 • Early Work – Prairie Style, Organic architecture, Revival of past, • • • Year of death Spiral (100’) Unified Purity Movement Competes with/ enhances artwork • Sculpture

Wright, Guggenheim Museum Interior • Resemblance to forms in nature • Organic Experience • Defies/Mimics regularity of Intl style

Le Corbusier (1887 -1965), Notre Dame du Haut, Ronchamps, France, 1950 -55 • Charles-Edouard Jeanneret • Bauhaus inspired • Sculptural Style • Hadrian’s Villa • Emphasis on Design • Steel beams & mesh • Destination for Pilgrims • “Praying hands” (32’ peak) • Dove • Outdoor altar

Interior

Le Corbusier, Villa Savoye, Poissy, France, 1928 -30 • • Steel beams & mesh Horizontal & Vertical • Five Points of a New Architecture: – – – Freestanding pilotis Open plan Horizontal window Free façade Roof garden Piet Mondrian, Composition, 1931

Villa Savoye details

Mies van der Roe (1886 -1969) & Phillip Johnson (1906 -2005), Seagram Building, New York, 1958 • German • “Less is More” • New York Buildings – Lake Shore Drive Apts. – United Nations Bldg. • “Successful relationship of parts of each and the whole” • Skeletal, bronze and Amber windows, set away from street, on stilts, weightless/sturdy

Jorn Utzon, Sydney Opera House, Sydney Australia, 1972 • Reinforced concrete • Free form system • Shells, Orange peels • 222 ft (peak) • F. L. Wright • Sculpture • Rhythm

Moshe Safdie (1938 -), Habitat, Montreal, 1967 • Pre. Postmodern • Cliffs, Legos, Building Blocks • Open-air living • 158 apartments • Cantilever

Safdie, Habitat, view from below

Safdie, Habitat, 67

Richard Meier (1934 -), Douglas House, Harbor Springs, MI, 1971 -3 • New York School (5) – Eisenman, Hejduk, Graves, Gwathmey • Wealthy clients • Neo-Corbusian • Purist, De Stijl • Highlights & Contrasts with environment • “Has its own presence”

Meier, Douglas House, 1971 -3 • Dynamic interplay of lines • Purified open space

Meier, Jubilee Church, Rome, Italy, 1998 -2003

Late 19 th Early 20 th c. Women in Architecture • Obstacles – Social standards – Emphasis on engineering and math • Julia Morgan – Hearst Castle, 19221939 • Eileen Gray – E 1027, 1924