Modal Verbs They can express Ability Advice

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Modal Verbs

They can express: Ability Advice Permission Necessity Possibility

Necessity (obligation) • Must • Have to

Must expresses an obligation from within you: I must work hard to speak English better.

Have to expresses an obligation from outside: The teacher says we have to work hard.

We also use Must to give advice: (when you strongly recommend something) You are ill. You must take some medicine.

Must can only be used in the present tense: YOU MUST GO HOME NOW.

We use Have to to form all the other tenses: I will have to work late tomorrow. I had to finish a report yesterday.

Must not/mustn’t expresses prohibition: (you are not allowed to/it is against the rules) You mustn’t park here.

Don’t have to/needn’t expresses lack of necessity: (it isn’t necessary) You don’t have to/needn’t visit this club.

Ability Can Could Be able to

We use Can to say that something is possible, someone has an ability or opportunity: She can play the piano. She can go to the music room.

Can’t expresses lack of ability in the present: I can’t play football.

Can is only used in the present tense: I can speak a foreign language.

Could is used in the past tense: I could read when I was 5.

Be able to is used with all tenses: I was able to stop my car before it crashed into another one. I will be able to travel a lot next year. We are able to understand what is happening.

Compare the sentences: We could swim when we were young. • A past ability We were able to swim across the river. • A past action

We also use Can/could: To ask for permission To make a request To make a suggestion Can/could I ask you? Can/could you help me? We can/could play now.

Logical assumption He must • Positive assumption be at work. She can’t • Negative assumption be at work.

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