Modal verbs in the past Sofia Semenova, 3801
Modal verbs in the past Ability in the past Probability in the past Obligation in the past Opinions and advices in the past
Ability in the past (it was possible/impossible) In the present: can / can’t In the past: could/ couldn’t was able/ wasn’t able She can play the piano. She could play the piano at the age of five. She was able to play the piano at the age of five.
• If you need to show specific realized actions in the past in the meaning "ability", use was / were able to instead of could in affirmative statements and questions. • For examples: 1) He was able to find Tom yesterday. 2) She was able to get across the river on a raft.
• But you can use could for realized actions in the past with some verbs of sense perception, such as "feel, hear, see". 1) I could hear loud shouts in my neighbor's apartment yesterday. 2) I could see that he was very upset.
Obligation in the past (it was necessary/ not necessary) • In the present: must or have to He must write his report today. • In the past: had to / didn’t have to He had to write his report yesterday.
Opinions and advices in the past (it was a good / bad idea) • In the present: • In the past: should / shouldn’t should/shouldn’t+have +past participle You should call her. You should have called her yesterday.
Probability in the past (it was certain/uncertain) • For the past we use the same modals + have + past participle.
Translate from Russian into English: 1) Он, возможно, был в банке. He might have been at the bank. 2) Может быть, она выгуливала свою собаку вчера вечером. She may have been walking her dog yesterday in the evening.
3) Мне следовало лучше готовиться к экзаменам. Я провалил два из них. I should have studied harder for my exams. I failed two of them. 4) Он мог бегать очень быстро, когда был молодым. He could run very fast when he was young.
5) Ей не следовало говорить Майку о подарке. Предполагалось, что это секрет. She shouldn't have told Mike about the present. It was supposed to be a secret. 6) Она умела водить машину, когда ей было двадцать? Could she drive when she was twenty?
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