Military Force and Terrorism CHAPTER SIX Dr Clayton

Military Force and Terrorism CHAPTER SIX Dr. Clayton Thyne PS 235 -001: World Politics Spring 2008 Goldstein & Pevehouse, International Relations, 8/e Student notes version

States have many ways to gain leverage… We’ll begin by talking about conventional forces…

Conventional Forces • State leaders involved in a conflict can use… – Nonviolent levers – – Violent levers – • Costly to the sender and receiver and tend to be a last resort • Declining in use over time

Conventional Forces • Most states, however, still devote vast resources to. . . – Defending territories – Deter attack – Compel other states to behave certain ways by threatening an attack – Humanitarian assistance for disasters – Surveillance of drug trafficking – Repression of political dissent

Conventional Forces • Great powers continue to… • Military capabilities divide into three types: – – –

Types of Forces • Most wars involve a struggle to control territory. – The fundamental purpose of conventional forces is to… • Armies – Infantry: • Counter-insurgency – –

Types of Forces • Navies – Adapted primarily to … – Aircraft carries – • Air Forces – – – • Logistics and intelligence – Logistical support includes… – Only the US can…

Table 6. 1

“common” budget figures adjusted for money spent Iraq & Afghanistan wars

US Military Expenditures • The US military spending was almost two-fifths of the total. • The US military spending was almost 7 times larger than the Chinese budget, the second largest spender. • The US military budget was almost 29 times as large as the combined spending of the six “rogue” states (Cuba, Iran, Libya, North Korea, Sudan and Syria) who spent $14. 65 billion. • It was more than the combined spending of the next 14 nations. • The United States and its close allies accounted for some two thirds to three-quarters of all military spending, depending on who you count as close allies (typically NATO countries, Australia, Canada, Israel, Japan and South Korea) • The six potential “enemies, ” Russia, and China together spent $139 billion, 30% of the U. S. military budget.

Table 6. 2

Evolving Technologies • Warfare is… • Geographic distances… • Security intertwined w/ … • Electronic warfare: • Stealth technology:

Evolving Technologies: US military expenditures

Evolving Technologies: US military personell

Terrorism • Def: – But one person’s freedom fighter is another’s terrorist. – Shadowy world of faceless enemies and irregular tactics marked by extreme brutality

Terrorism • Primary effect of terrorism is. . . – World Trade Center – Violation of… • State-sponsored terrorism – – –

Weapons of Mass Destruction • Comprise three general types: nuclear, chemical and biological • Serve different purposes than conventional weapons: – – –

Nuclear Weapons • Fission weapons – Two elements can be split or fissioned: uranium-235 and plutonium – Obstacle often is finding fissionable material – Plutonium bomb is more difficult to build than a uranium one – Developed during WWII (Manhattan Project) – E=MC^2 …a little mass = a lot of energy • E=energy (joules); m=mass (Kg); C=constant(299, 792, 458 m/s^2) • Fusion weapons – Extremely expensive and technically demanding – No splitting of atoms, but rather fusing two together to make one larger one, releasing energy – Thermonuclear bombs (H-bombs) • • Heat and radiation EMP Nuclear winter Location of the world’s nukes: http: //archive. greenpeace. org/wmd/

Ballistic Missiles and Other Delivery Systems • Delivery systems for getting nuclear weapons to their targets are the basis of states’ nuclear arsenals and strategies. – – –

Figure 6. 2

Table 6. 3

Chemical and Biological Weapons • A chemical weapon releases chemicals that disable and kill people. – – • Biological weapons – –

Proliferation • The spread of weapons of mass destruction into the hands of more actors • Two sides to the proliferation argument – Realists – – Others – • Selling of technology with proliferation potential

Proliferation • Arms races in regional conflicts and rivalries • Non-Proliferation Treaty (1968) • International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) – UN agency …

Red Orange Violet Yellow Blue Pink “nuclear weapons states” other known nuclear powers Formerly possessed nuclear weapons Suspected of developing nuclear weapons At one point had nuclear weapons or nuclear weapons programs Possess nuclear weapons, but haven’t widely adopted them

Nuclear Strategy and Arms Control • Nuclear strategy refers to: – – – • Deterrence – Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) • • Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) Antiballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty (1972) Strategic Arms Limitation Treaties (SALT) Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT)

Military Economies • Given the range of military capabilities available to states (at various costs), how much and what types should state leaders choose to acquire? • Economics of military spending is not so favorable. – Long run: – Tradeoff:

Military Economies • Economic conversion • Arms imports by states in the global South – –

Control of Military Forces • Command (def): – Chain of command – – – Value of military hierarchy Discipline Training Group solidarity Logistical support Role of accurate information

Control of Military Forces • Human error • Military governments – – • Civilian-military relations

Control of Military Forces • _______ forces operate under strong civilian control. • Covert operations • Role of private companies to provide services to military • Some militias operate outside of… • World order is evolving even as military technologies do.