MIGRATION AND OTHER SOCAIL PROCESSES SAXIE 2006

MIGRATION AND OTHER SOCAIL PROCESSES SAXIE 2006

Migration ■ 1. Types of Migration • What are the major forms of migration? ■ 2. Selective Migration • Why migration can be considered as a selective process? ■ 3. Brain Drain • What is the extent of movements of skilled labor?

Types of Migration ■ Emigration and immigration A Problems or benefits? Emigrant • Change in residence. • Relative to origin and destination. ■ Requires information • People and conditions. • Two different places. • Two different times. ■ Duration Immigrant B Problems or benefits? • Permanent. • Seasonal / Temporary. ■ Choice / constraint • Improve one’s life. • Leave inconvenient / threatening conditions.

Types of Migration Gross migration Immigration Emigration ■ Gross migration • Total number of people coming in and out of an area. • Level of population turnover. ■ Net Migration • Difference between immigration (in-migration) and emigration (out-migration). • Positive value: • More people coming in. • Population growth. – 44% of North America and 88% of Europe. • Negative value: • More people coming out. • Population decline. Net migration

Annual Net International Migration by Continent, 1990 -95

Net Migration, 2000 -05

Types of Migration ■ International Migration • Emigration is an indicator of economic and/or social failures of a society. • Crossing of a national boundary. • Easier to control and monitor. • Laws to control / inhibit these movements. • Between 2 million and 3 million people emigrate each year. • Between 1965 and 2000, 175 million people have migrated: • 3% of the global population.

Migration Policies and Global Migration Patterns Period Policies Pattern Before 1914 Open policies (“showing up”). Immigration as a source of labor and development. From developed (Europe) to developing countries (Americas, Africa, Australia). Immigration from Europe between 1880 and 1910 was exceeded 25 million. 1920 s and 1930 s “Closed door” linked with the economic depression. Deportation of immigrants. Limited migration. After 1945 More open policies. Reconstruction in Europe (12% of labor force) and economic growth in America. Beginning to shift from developing to developed countries (12%). After 1973 Relatively open policies, but with more stringent requirements. Growth of refugees and illegal From developing to developed countries (88%). 3 million illegal immigrants entering the US per year.

World Migration Routes Since 1700 European African (slaves) Indian Chinese Japanese Majority of population descended from immigrants

Major International Migration Patterns, 1990 s

International Migration: Main Destination Countries, 1997

Region of Birth of the Foreign-Born Population: 1850 to 2000

Types of Migration ■ Local Migration Central City Suburb • No state boundaries are crossed. • Buying a new house in the same town or city. • Difficult to research since they are usually missed in census data. • Based on change of income or lifestyle. • Often very high levels of local migration. • Americans change residence every 5 to 7 years.

Types of Migration ■ Voluntary migration • The migrant makes the decision to move. • Most migration is voluntary. ■ Involuntary • Forced migration in which the mover has no role in the decision-making process. • Slavery: • About 11 million African slaves were brought to the Americas between 1519 and 1867. • In 1860, there were close to 4 million slaves in the United States. • • Refugees. Military conscription. Children of migrants. Situations of divorce or separation.

Types of Migration Type Characteristics Internation Crossing a boundary; easier to control; al regulated; difference in income; 2 -3 million per year. National Between states or provinces; little control; employment opportunities; education; retirement. Local Within a city/region; change of income or lifestyle. Voluntary The outcome of a choice. Involuntary The outcome of a constraint.

Population Pyramid of Native and Foreign Born Population, Europe 2000 (in %) Foreign Born Native Male Female Age Male Female

Brain Drain ■ Definition • Relates to educationally specific selective migrations. • Some countries are losing the most educated segment of their population. • Can be both a benefit for the receiving country and a problem to the country of origin. ■ Receiving country • Getting highly qualified labor contributing to the economy right away. • Promotes economic growth in strategic sectors: science and technology. • Not having to pay education and health costs. • 30% of Mexicans with a Ph. D are in the US.

World Urban Population, 1950 -2000 with Projections to 2020 (in billions)

Annual Growth of World and Urban Populations, 1950 -2030 (in millions)