MIDDLE ENGLISH (1066 -1475) HISTORICAL BACKGROUND. ORTHOGRAPHY
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Before 1066: Scandinavian invasion, which resulted in simplification of English; the English kings were exiled; 1042. English kings regain the rule and Edward became the king; after Edward’s death his cousin − William Duke of Normandy − crosses the English Channel (October 14 th, the Battle of the Hastings).
THE NORMAN CONQUEST William is the king of England; imposed more centralized form of feudalism; knowledge of French is the sign of higher standing, social prestige; 3 languages are used: Latin, French, English; 1258. King Henry III delivered Proclamation in 3 languages; English is mostly spoken, but not written.
CHANGES IN MIDDLE ENGLISH Huge number of borrowings: words connected to government, law and the arts; v spelling; v simplification of grammar; v English surnames with the suffix -son: Wilson; v later place names, occupations. v
WRITTEN RECORDS The Peterborough Chronicle (Anglo. Saxon Chronicles) contains information about England after the Norman Conquest; Ormulum −interpretation of the Holly Book by Monk Orm; a romance (adventures of knights): Brut by Layamon, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight by Pearl Poet (who is unknown); Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales.
MIDDLE ENGLISH ORTHOGRAPHY Norman domination caused changes in orthography; peculiar English sounds (marked by runic letters) were replaced by digraphs.
![OE þæt > ME þat, that [θa: t] (throughout period); OE ƿ (‘wynn’)](https://present5.com/presentation/65862005_158046186/image-7.jpg "OE þæt > ME þat, that [θa: t] (throughout period); OE ƿ (‘wynn’)")
OE þæt > ME þat, that [θa: t] (throughout period); OE ƿ (‘wynn’) replaced with w by 1300 at the latest; OE cƷ [g’] > early ME [ʤ] g, gg > late ME dg OE brycƷ > early ME brygge > late ME bridge; cw replaced by qu OE cwen > ME queen.
OE ligature æ > a OE hwæt > ME what, OE stræt > ME stret(e) ‘street’; OE u [u: ] > ou, ow, o hūs > hous [hu: s], ūt > out [u: t], lūfu > loue [lu: və]; OE o [o: ] > ME oo [o: ] bōk > book; OE ē [e: ] > ME ie, ee, or [e: ] fēld > field, fēt > feet.
![OE c, sc [k’, sk’] > ch, sh[ʧ, ʃ] scip > ship, cild >](https://present5.com/presentation/65862005_158046186/image-9.jpg "OE c, sc [k’, sk’] > ch, sh[ʧ, ʃ] scip > ship, cild >")
OE c, sc [k’, sk’] > ch, sh[ʧ, ʃ] scip > ship, cild > child; OE c [k] > k (before consonants) cnāwan > knowen; In French, c = [s]: introduced by Normans, spread to native words mys > mice; OE h [h’] > h, gh [h] he [he: ], knight [kniht]; OE hw > ME wh (by analogy with th, ch, sh) OE hwil > ME while.
TO CONCLUDE With the Norman Conquest French became the language of the higher social group; English is mostly spoken, thus rich literature tradition, developed in OE is almost lost; French affected all levels of the English language.
Скачать презентацию MIDDLE ENGLISH 1066 -1475 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ORTHOGRAPHY
Middle English.pptx