Middle Ages Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Middle

Middle Ages Chapter 7 Chapter 8

Middle Ages • AKA = Dark Ages – Little trade – No education – Mass invasions • Historians say it was not dark • Est. new civilization • Medieval – Latin for “middle ages”

Germanic Kingdoms • • • Goths, Vandals, Saxons, Franks Mostly farmers or herders Small communities No written law King elected by tribal council Warrior and king pact

King Clovis • King of the Franks • Conquers Gaul • Converted to Christianity

Muslim Empire • Islam formed in 600 s • Move across the Middle East, N. Africa, and into Spain

Charles Martel • Raised an army to battle the Muslims in Frankish lands • 732 – Battle of Tours – Martel’s Army defeats the Muslims

Charles the Great • “Charlemagne” • Takes the throne in 768 • Ruled the empire built by his grandfather, Charles Martel • Fought: Muslims in Spain, Saxons in the North, Avars and Slavs in the East, and Lombards in Italy

Charlemagne • 799 – Pope Leo III asked him for help against rebellious nobles • Pope makes Charlemagne emperor of Rome • Results: – East and West split more – Unites Christians in Europe – Sets up power struggle

Gov’t of Charlemagne • Nobles as governors • Missi dominici – supervisors/advisors • Officials expected to keep written records

Society of Charlemagne • Encouraged Latin learning • Set up schools

Legacy of Charlemagne • Died in 814 • Son, Louis I rules – Grandsons fight over and divide the empire with the Treaty of Verdun • Known for: – Extending Christianity – Set up a strong, efficient government

Invasions • Muslims • Magyars from Hungary • Vikings from Scandinavia – Farmers ruled by chieftains – Explored, traded, pillaged

Feudalism • Def. – a loosely organized system of rule in which powerful local lords divided their landholdings among lesser lords known as vassals – Land is exchanged for military service • Feudal contract – exchange of pledges • Fief – estate that may include peasants • Liege lord – 1 st lord

Contract • Protection in exchange for land, peasants, 40 days of military service, money, and sometimes advice

Feudal Organizer

Knights and Nobles • Knight – a mounted warrior • Sent at age 7 to father’s lord’s castle – Learn to ride and fight – Learn to maintain armor and weapons • Fight with swords, axes, and lances while on horseback – Strict discipline – Laziness was beat out – Dubbed a knight at conclusion of training

Noblewomen • • Took over duties if husband was away Some event went to war Some were involved in politics Widow retain land Don’t typically inherit Dowry – land Women were apprentices as well

Chivalry • • • Code of conduct Require bravery, loyalty, and honesty Fight fairly Only applied to nobles Must protect the weak • Troubadours – wondering musicians

Manor System • • Lord’s estate Self-sufficient City-state Peasants – serfs- bound to the land – NOT slavery

Peasants and Lords • • • Worked certain number of days Repaired fences, roads, bridges, ect Paid inheritance fee Paid mill fee Semi-annual fee (Christmas and Easter) – Paid with goods • Guaranteed food, housing, and land

Land division • Woods and hunting is for the Lord ONLY • Land is divided in strips

Peasant Life • • Harsh, long hours Hungry in the winter Few live longer than 35 yr. Diet: black bread and veggies – Very little meat – Fish if time allows

Section 3 The Medieval Church

Role of the Priest • • Contact of the church Celebrated mass Administered the sacraments Spread teachings of the Church Interpreted the Bible Medical education

Village Church • • • Social center Place of worship Lives revolved around the church Village pride Relics • Cathedral – church of the bishop

Church Women • “men and women are equal before God” • Women on earth were weak and more likely to sin – Need the guidance of men • Protection: – Min. age for marriage – Men could be fined for abuse • Women had harsher punishments

Monasteries and Convents • Benedictine Rule – vows – Obedience to the head of the convent or monastery – Poverty – chastity • Daily division of activities • Scientists • Hospitals, schools, orphanages, shelters, hotels

Church Power • • Secular – worldly Medieval popes claim papal supremacy Popes have their own army Bishops & archbishops = nobles – Each has own land army • Church officials & secular rulers are interlinked = family/association

Doctrine on Salvation • Do good works • Believe in Christ • Participate in the sacraments – Give church power • Excommunication – kicked out of the church • Interdict – excommunication of a region • Canon Laws – Laws passed by the courts – Court system

Corruption & Reform • Wealth & power reduce discipline • Priest allowed to marry • Priesthood – inherited

Pope Gregory VII • Outlaw marriage • Eliminated secular involvement • Prohibits simony – the selling of church offices

Monk Orders • Friars – traveling monks • St. Francis of Assisi – Founded the Franciscans – Preached poverty, humility, and love of God • St. Dominic – Dominican order – Combat heresies

Women in the Order • Dominican Nuns • Poor Clares – Only allow wealthy women for dowries • Beguines – poor women

Jews of the Middle Ages • Spain – center religious tolerance – Many Jews • Christians blame Jews for any problems – Many move to E. Europe

Section 4 Economic Recovery

Agri. Revolution • Plows, horses – Allow more land to be farmed • Lords have more land cleared • Creation of 3 -field system – Grain, legume, unplanted

Trade results • Cities form around trade route due to lack of war/invasion • Charter – permission and rules for a new town – Requires yearly fee

Commercial Revolution • • Capital and credit are used Partnerships – groups of merchants Use of insurance Tenant farming begins

Middle Class • Merchants, traders, artisans • Unhappy nobles and clergy

Guilds • Groups of merchants and artisans • Unions • Somewhat of a government – Taxes, laws, financial spending for the city • Guild Training – 7 – become an apprentice – 7 years of training – Result as a journeymen

Women in Guilds • • Ownership/membership Craft of father or husband Inherit business Control certain goods

Cities of the Middle Ages • • • Overcrowded Narrow streets Fire hazards Division of guilds Trash filled streets

Chapter 8 Section 1 Unification of Regions

Royal Power • Early monarchs have little power • Noble and church have power – Courts, taxes, armies • Monarchs – Establish courts and bureaucracies – Tax systems – Armies – Relationships w/ Middle class

England • • Conquered by Anglo-Saxons 1066 – King Edward died w/o an heir Harold – chosen by nobles William – Duke of Normandy claims throne – Gets army and support of Pope – Won @ Battle of Hastings – Became William the Conqueror

Royal Power of William • Fiefs given to Church and French Lords, AKA barons • Required ALL vassals to make him liege lord • Census in 1086 – Domesday Book • Castle, fields, pigpens

Legal System of Henry II • 1154 – Henry II takes throne – Sent out justices – Common law – a legal system based on custom and court rulings – Jury system • Jury – men sworn to tell the truth

Church vs. Gov’t • Henry II claims right to put clergy on trial

Evolving Gov’t • King John – Lost lands in France to King Philip II of France – Innocent III excommunicates John • Interdicts England – Magna Carta 1215 – great charter • • • Forced by nobles 1) Nobles get rights 2) Set the monarch under the law Included due process of law Also had habeas corpus

Development of Parlaiment • Great Council • Legislative Branch • 1295 – Edward I asked Parliament to approve $ for wars in France

Monarchs of France • Capetian Kings – 300 years of rule – Hugh Capet elected – Makes throne hereditary – Gained lands by playing nobles against each other – Set up an effective bureaucracy – Gain support of church and Middle class

Philip II • Gave gov’t positions to middle class • Gave charters for new towns • Extended French lands

Louis IX • • • Persecuted heretics and Jews Led knights in 2 crusades Declared a saint Expanded court system Ended serfdom Outlawed private laws

Philip IX vs. Pope Boniface VIII • Taxation of clergy • Pope escapes capture

Pope vs. Pope • 1305 – French Pope elected – Moves capital to French Border • Another pope is elected in Rome • The fight for power

Estates General • 3 body system – Clergy, nobles, and townsfolk

The Crusades • a series of wars fought between Christians and Muslims over the Holy Land • Council of Clermont Pope Urban II calls for a Crusade to free the Holy Land • Create a Crusade Graphic Organizer

Pope Urban II’s Reasons • Increase power • Heal the split in the church • Christians fighting Muslims and not other Christians