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Metonymy as a Prototypical Category Dirk Geeraerts Yves Peirsman University of Leuven RU Quantitative Metonymy as a Prototypical Category Dirk Geeraerts Yves Peirsman University of Leuven RU Quantitative Lexicology and Variational Linguistics ICLC IX. Seoul, 22. 07. 2005

Purpose CL has tended to define metonymy with a unitary definition: metaphor = a Purpose CL has tended to define metonymy with a unitary definition: metaphor = a semantic shift across domains metonymy = a semantic shift within a domain (matrix) as against the older definition: metaphor = a semantic shift based on similarity metonymy= a semantic shift based on contiguity ICLC IX. Seoul, 22. 07. 2005

Purpose but since CL provides an alternative, non-unitary model of definition, there is another Purpose but since CL provides an alternative, non-unitary model of definition, there is another CL approach to metonymy that needs to be explored: can metonymy be defined as a prototypically structured concept ? ICLC IX. Seoul, 22. 07. 2005

Approach what does it mean to define metonymy ? - provide an extensional demarcation: Approach what does it mean to define metonymy ? - provide an extensional demarcation: what are things that we call 'metonymy' ? - provide an intensional description: what do these things have in common ? ICLC IX. Seoul, 22. 07. 2005

Approach 1: Extension metonymy is not a natural kind, it is a theoretical construct, Approach 1: Extension metonymy is not a natural kind, it is a theoretical construct, i. e. we do not necessarily talk about what happens in the head of speakers but rather about what happens in the head of linguists what is it that made linguists group together a certain set of semantic phenomena ? which phenomena did they actually group together ? ICLC IX. Seoul, 22. 07. 2005

Approach 1: Extension check the literature on metonymy, i. e. check the literature that Approach 1: Extension check the literature on metonymy, i. e. check the literature that is descriptively most rich (and that is to be found predominantly in the prestructuralist era): • • • Hermann Paul (1880) Prinzipien der Sprachgeschichte Kristoffer Nyrop (1913) Grammaire historique de la langue française Albert Waag (1901) Bedeutungsentwicklung unseres Wortschatzes Gaston Esnault (1925) Métaphores occidentales Neal R. Norrick (1981) Semiotic Principles in Semantic Theory an inventory of metonymical patterns ICLC IX. Seoul, 22. 07. 2005

Approach 1. Extension spatial part & whole (P) (W) (Ny) (E) (No) - Tony Approach 1. Extension spatial part & whole (P) (W) (Ny) (E) (No) - Tony Blair is the Prime Minister of England temporal part & whole (W) - Dutch and German morgen ‘morning’ for ‘tomorrow’ location & located (P) (W) (Ny) (E) (No) – the house woke up for the people in the house’ antecedent & consequent (P) (W) (Ny) (E) - Greek phobos ‘flight’ for ‘fear’ subevent & complex event (P) (W) (No) - Mother is cooking potatoes characteristic & entity (P) (W) (Ny) (E) - French beauté ‘beauty’ producer & product (P) (W) (Ny) (E) (No) - I’m reading Shakespeare controller & controlled (W) (Ny) - Schwarzkopf defeated Iraq container & contained (W) (Ny) (E) (No)- French aimer la bouteille ‘love the bottle’ material & object (Ny) (E) - French carton ‘cardboard’ for ‘cardboard box’ ICLC IX. Seoul, 22. 07. 2005

Approach 1. Extension cause & effect (Ny) (E) (No) - unlock the prisons for Approach 1. Extension cause & effect (Ny) (E) (No) - unlock the prisons for ‘let the prisoners free’ place & product (Ny) (E) - china possessor & possessed (E) (No) - the long straw starts for ‘the person with the straw’ action & participant (P) (W) (Ny) (No) - to author a book participant & participant (E) (No) - the pen is mightier than the sword for ‘the writer is mightier than the soldier’ piece of clothing & person (P) (W) (Ny) (E) (No) - French une vielle perruque ‘an old wig’ for ‘an old person’ piece of clothing & body part (P) (W) - German Sohle ‘sole (of a shoe)’ for ‘sole (of a foot)’ single entity & collection (W) - German Imme ‘swarm of bees’ for ‘bee’ time & entity (E) - French un mardi-gras ‘a Shrove Tuesday’ for ‘a disguised man’ object & quantity (E) - French un quart ‘a quarter’ for ‘a tin of sardines in oil’ ICLC IX. Seoul, 22. 07. 2005

Approach 2. Intension a core concept: spatial partonomy three dimensions defining extensions - strength Approach 2. Intension a core concept: spatial partonomy three dimensions defining extensions - strength of contact: part/whole > contact > adjacency - boundedness: entities > unbounded masses - domain: space > time > action/events/processes > functional assemblies ICLC IX. Seoul, 22. 07. 2005

Approach 2. Intension some restrictions on the discussion: - the directionality of the metonymical Approach 2. Intension some restrictions on the discussion: - the directionality of the metonymical patterns will not be taken into account - the examples (taken predominantly from the quoted sources) will be not be discussed thoroughly - in general, only the skeleton of the prototype-based structure will be presented ICLC IX. Seoul, 22. 07. 2005

Space ICLC IX. Seoul, 22. 07. 2005 Space ICLC IX. Seoul, 22. 07. 2005

Space part & whole fill up the car we need some good heads ICLC Space part & whole fill up the car we need some good heads ICLC IX. Seoul, 22. 07. 2005

Space container & contained a glass of wine the milk tipped over ICLC IX. Space container & contained a glass of wine the milk tipped over ICLC IX. Seoul, 22. 07. 2005

Space location & located the whole town panicked meet me at the registry ICLC Space location & located the whole town panicked meet me at the registry ICLC IX. Seoul, 22. 07. 2005

Space entity & adjacent entity Germ. Tafelrunde 'round table' > people sitting there ICLC Space entity & adjacent entity Germ. Tafelrunde 'round table' > people sitting there ICLC IX. Seoul, 22. 07. 2005

Space entity & adjacent entity Germ. Tafelrunde 'round table' > people sitting there difference Space entity & adjacent entity Germ. Tafelrunde 'round table' > people sitting there difference with "location" (±contact) may be small – not a crucial distinction ICLC IX. Seoul, 22. 07. 2005

Space ICLC IX. Seoul, 22. 07. 2005 Space ICLC IX. Seoul, 22. 07. 2005

Space material & object (unbounded whole - bounded entity) Fr. carton 'cardboard' > 'cardboard Space material & object (unbounded whole - bounded entity) Fr. carton 'cardboard' > 'cardboard box' ICLC IX. Seoul, 22. 07. 2005

Space ICLC IX. Seoul, 22. 07. 2005 Space ICLC IX. Seoul, 22. 07. 2005

Space x (unbounded whole unbounded entity) chocolate ICLC IX. Seoul, 22. 07. 2005 Space x (unbounded whole unbounded entity) chocolate ICLC IX. Seoul, 22. 07. 2005

Space x (unbounded whole - contained bounded entity) bubbles 'champagne' ICLC IX. Seoul, 22. Space x (unbounded whole - contained bounded entity) bubbles 'champagne' ICLC IX. Seoul, 22. 07. 2005

Time ICLC IX. Seoul, 22. 07. 2005 Time ICLC IX. Seoul, 22. 07. 2005

Time temporal part & whole Germ. Mittag 'noon' > 'afternoon' ICLC IX. Seoul, 22. Time temporal part & whole Germ. Mittag 'noon' > 'afternoon' ICLC IX. Seoul, 22. 07. 2005

Time time & entity the nineties were boring 9 -11 will never be forgotten Time time & entity the nineties were boring 9 -11 will never be forgotten ICLC IX. Seoul, 22. 07. 2005

Time antecedent & consequent Gr. phobos 'flight' > 'fear' ICLC IX. Seoul, 22. 07. Time antecedent & consequent Gr. phobos 'flight' > 'fear' ICLC IX. Seoul, 22. 07. 2005

Action / Event / Process ICLC IX. Seoul, 22. 07. 2005 Action / Event / Process ICLC IX. Seoul, 22. 07. 2005

Action / Event / Process i. e. temporally characterized entities → difference with Action / Event / Process i. e. temporally characterized entities → difference with "time" domain may be small; overlaps are to be expected ICLC IX. Seoul, 22. 07. 2005

Action / Event / Process complex event & subevent lead a girl to the Action / Event / Process complex event & subevent lead a girl to the altar 'marry' grade papers 'read and evaluate' ICLC IX. Seoul, 22. 07. 2005

Action / Event / Process event & participant i. e. relations based on frame Action / Event / Process event & participant i. e. relations based on frame semantics: participants etc. as elements contained in actions etc. ; common subtypes: ICLC IX. Seoul, 22. 07. 2005

Action / Event / Process action & agent government 'the act of governing' > Action / Event / Process action & agent government 'the act of governing' > 'the governing agency' ICLC IX. Seoul, 22. 07. 2005

Action / Event / Process action & patient painting 'the act of painting' > Action / Event / Process action & patient painting 'the act of painting' > 'the painted object' ICLC IX. Seoul, 22. 07. 2005

Action / Event / Process action & location Fr. sortie 'the act of leaving' Action / Event / Process action & location Fr. sortie 'the act of leaving' > 'the way out' ICLC IX. Seoul, 22. 07. 2005

Action / Event / Process action & instrument Ger. Nahrung 'the act of feeding' Action / Event / Process action & instrument Ger. Nahrung 'the act of feeding' > 'food' ICLC IX. Seoul, 22. 07. 2005

Action / Event / Process cause & effect Fr. lumiére 'light' > 'lamp' ICLC Action / Event / Process cause & effect Fr. lumiére 'light' > 'lamp' ICLC IX. Seoul, 22. 07. 2005

Action / Event / Process participant & participant i. e. Action / Event / Process participant & participant i. e. "lateral" relations in a frame: participants etc. as elements contained in actions etc. ; common subtypes: ICLC IX. Seoul, 22. 07. 2005

Action / Event / Process possessor & possessed to marry money ICLC IX. Seoul, Action / Event / Process possessor & possessed to marry money ICLC IX. Seoul, 22. 07. 2005

Action / Event / Process producer & product I am reading Shakespeare ICLC IX. Action / Event / Process producer & product I am reading Shakespeare ICLC IX. Seoul, 22. 07. 2005

Action / Event / Process location & product camembert ICLC IX. Seoul, 22. 07. Action / Event / Process location & product camembert ICLC IX. Seoul, 22. 07. 2005

Action / Event / Process actual & potential she speaks Spanish ICLC IX. Seoul, Action / Event / Process actual & potential she speaks Spanish ICLC IX. Seoul, 22. 07. 2005

Assemblies & Collections ICLC IX. Seoul, 22. 07. 2005 Assemblies & Collections ICLC IX. Seoul, 22. 07. 2005

Assemblies & Collections i. e. entities that are functional wholes (rather than spatial, temporal, Assemblies & Collections i. e. entities that are functional wholes (rather than spatial, temporal, action-related wholes) – allowing for vague boundaries between domains ICLC IX. Seoul, 22. 07. 2005

Assemblies & Collections characteristic part & functional assembly the press 'the publishing media' ICLC Assemblies & Collections characteristic part & functional assembly the press 'the publishing media' ICLC IX. Seoul, 22. 07. 2005

Assemblies & Collections characteristic feature & entity youth / a youth genius / a Assemblies & Collections characteristic feature & entity youth / a youth genius / a genius beauty / a beauty ICLC IX. Seoul, 22. 07. 2005

Assemblies & Collections countable collection & member of the collection MHGer imme 'swarm' > Assemblies & Collections countable collection & member of the collection MHGer imme 'swarm' > 'bee' ICLC IX. Seoul, 22. 07. 2005

Assemblies & Collections uncountable collection & member of the collection Ger Frauenzimmer 'womanhood' > Assemblies & Collections uncountable collection & member of the collection Ger Frauenzimmer 'womanhood' > 'woman' ICLC IX. Seoul, 22. 07. 2005

Overview part/whole ICLC IX. Seoul, 22. 07. 2005 Overview part/whole ICLC IX. Seoul, 22. 07. 2005

Overview part/whole containment contact adjacency ICLC IX. Seoul, 22. 07. 2005 Overview part/whole containment contact adjacency ICLC IX. Seoul, 22. 07. 2005

Overview part/whole containment contact adjacency bounded unbounded ICLC IX. Seoul, 22. 07. 2005 Overview part/whole containment contact adjacency bounded unbounded ICLC IX. Seoul, 22. 07. 2005

Overview time space part/whole containment contact adjacency bounded unbounded ICLC IX. Seoul, 22. 07. Overview time space part/whole containment contact adjacency bounded unbounded ICLC IX. Seoul, 22. 07. 2005

Overview action/event/process time space part/whole containment contact adjacency bounded unbounded ICLC IX. Seoul, 22. Overview action/event/process time space part/whole containment contact adjacency bounded unbounded ICLC IX. Seoul, 22. 07. 2005

Overview assemblies & collections action/event/process time space part/whole containment contact adjacency bounded unbounded ICLC Overview assemblies & collections action/event/process time space part/whole containment contact adjacency bounded unbounded ICLC IX. Seoul, 22. 07. 2005

Overview assemblies & collections action/event/process time space part/whole containment contact adjacency bounded unbounded ICLC Overview assemblies & collections action/event/process time space part/whole containment contact adjacency bounded unbounded ICLC IX. Seoul, 22. 07. 2005

Conclusions the category of metonymy may be reconstructed as possessing internal structure, in terms Conclusions the category of metonymy may be reconstructed as possessing internal structure, in terms of - material part/whole relations as prototypical centre - a multidimensional set of extensions depending on how one evaluates the definition of metonymy in terms of the notion 'domain matrix', the prototype-based analysis may ICLC IX. Seoul, 22. 07. 2005

Conclusions either replace the domain matrix definition (if the latter turns out to be Conclusions either replace the domain matrix definition (if the latter turns out to be insufficient for independent reasons) or provide a network-like expansion of the domain matrix definition, i. e. complement the schematic domain matrix definition ICLC IX. Seoul, 22. 07. 2005

for further information: http: //wwwling. arts. kuleuven. be/qlvl dirk. geeraerts@arts. kuleuven. be ICLC IX. for further information: http: //wwwling. arts. kuleuven. be/qlvl dirk. geeraerts@arts. kuleuven. be ICLC IX. Seoul, 22. 07. 2005