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Medical Terminology A LIVING LANGUAGE Fifth Edition CHAPTER 2 Body Organization Medical Terminology: A Medical Terminology A LIVING LANGUAGE Fifth Edition CHAPTER 2 Body Organization Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Multimedia Directory Slide Slide Slide Slide 22 33 41 44 46 48 50 52 Multimedia Directory Slide Slide Slide Slide 22 33 41 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 Muscle Contraction Animation Neuron Animation Cardiovascular System Animation Lymphatic System Animation Respiratory System Animation Digestive System Animation Urinary System Animation Female Reproductive System Animation Male Reproductive System Animation Endocrine System Animation Nervous System Animation Eye Anatomy Animation Ear Anatomy Animation Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Body Organization At A Glance • The body is organized into levels § § Body Organization At A Glance • The body is organized into levels § § § Cells Tissues Organs Systems Body Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Body Organization At A Glance • Each level is built from the one below Body Organization At A Glance • Each level is built from the one below it § § Body as a whole is composed of systems A system is composed of organs An organ is composed of tissues A tissue is composed of cells Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Body Organization Illustrated Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Body Organization Illustrated Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Body Organization Combining Forms • • abdomin/o adip/o anter/o brachi/o cardi/o caud/o cephal/o cervic/o Body Organization Combining Forms • • abdomin/o adip/o anter/o brachi/o cardi/o caud/o cephal/o cervic/o abdomen fat front arm heart tail head neck Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Body Organization Combining Forms • • chondr/o crani/o crin/o crur/o cyt/o dermat/o dist/o dors/o Body Organization Combining Forms • • chondr/o crani/o crin/o crur/o cyt/o dermat/o dist/o dors/o cartilage skull to secrete leg cell skin away from back of body Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Body Organization Combining Forms • • enter/o epitheli/o gastr/o glute/o gynec/o hemat/o hist/o immun/o Body Organization Combining Forms • • enter/o epitheli/o gastr/o glute/o gynec/o hemat/o hist/o immun/o small intestine epithelium stomach buttock woman blood tissue protection Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Body Organization Combining Forms • • infer/o laryng/o later/o lumb/o lymph/o medi/o muscul/o nephr/o Body Organization Combining Forms • • infer/o laryng/o later/o lumb/o lymph/o medi/o muscul/o nephr/o below larynx side loin lymph middle muscle kidney Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Body Organization Combining Forms • • neur/o ophthalm/o ot/o pelv/o peritone/o pleur/o poster/o proct/o Body Organization Combining Forms • • neur/o ophthalm/o ot/o pelv/o peritone/o pleur/o poster/o proct/o nerve eye ear pelvis peritoneum pleura back rectum and anus Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Body Organization Combining Forms • • proxim/o pub/o pulmon/o rhin/o spin/o super/o thorac/o ur/o Body Organization Combining Forms • • proxim/o pub/o pulmon/o rhin/o spin/o super/o thorac/o ur/o near to genital region lung nose spine above chest urine Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Body Organization Combining Forms • • vascul/o ventr/o vertebr/o viscer/o blood vessel belly vertebra Body Organization Combining Forms • • vascul/o ventr/o vertebr/o viscer/o blood vessel belly vertebra internal organ Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Body Organization Suffixes • • -ac -al -ary -atic -iac -ior pertaining pertaining Medical Body Organization Suffixes • • -ac -al -ary -atic -iac -ior pertaining pertaining Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht to to

Body Organization Suffixes • -logy • -ose study of resembling Medical Terminology: A Living Body Organization Suffixes • -logy • -ose study of resembling Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Body Organization Prefixes • • • endoepihypoperiretro- within above under around behind Medical Terminology: Body Organization Prefixes • • • endoepihypoperiretro- within above under around behind Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Levels of Body Organization • Cells form tissues • Tissues form organs • Organs Levels of Body Organization • Cells form tissues • Tissues form organs • Organs form systems • Systems form whole body Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Cells Cyt/o + -logy cytology • cyt/o + -logy == cytology § The study Cells Cyt/o + -logy cytology • cyt/o + -logy == cytology § The study of cells and their function Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Cells • Fundamental unit of life • Has all properties of being alive § Cells • Fundamental unit of life • Has all properties of being alive § Responds to stimuli § Engages in metabolic activity § Reproduces itself • All tissues and organs in body formed of cells Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Cells • Individual cells perform functions for body § § Reproduction Hormone secretion Energy Cells • Individual cells perform functions for body § § Reproduction Hormone secretion Energy production Excretion Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Cells • Special cells carry out very specific functions § Muscle contraction § Electrical Cells • Special cells carry out very specific functions § Muscle contraction § Electrical impulse transmission Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Cells • Cells come in different sizes and shapes • But all cells, at Cells • Cells come in different sizes and shapes • But all cells, at some point of their life cycle, have § Nucleus § Cytoplasm § Cell membrane Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Muscle Contraction Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation showing muscle contraction. Muscle Contraction Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation showing muscle contraction. Back to Directory Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Figure 2. 1 Examples of four different types of cells from the body illustrating Figure 2. 1 Examples of four different types of cells from the body illustrating the differences in shape. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Tissues -logy = histology • hist/o + -logy = histology § The study of Tissues -logy = histology • hist/o + -logy = histology § The study of tissue • Formed when like cells are grouped together to perform an activity • Four types of tissue § § Muscle tissue Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Nervous tissue Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Muscle Tissue • Produces movement in body by contracting • Composed of individual muscle Muscle Tissue • Produces movement in body by contracting • Composed of individual muscle cells called muscle fibers Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Muscle Tissue • Three basic types of muscles § Skeletal muscle • attached to Muscle Tissue • Three basic types of muscles § Skeletal muscle • attached to bones § Smooth muscle • internal organs like intestine and uterus § Cardiac muscle • only in the heart Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Figure 2. 2 This figure shows the appearance of different types of tissues and Figure 2. 2 This figure shows the appearance of different types of tissues and their location within the body. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Epithelial Tissue • Known as epithelium • Found as lining for internal organs and Epithelial Tissue • Known as epithelium • Found as lining for internal organs and covering for the skin • Close-packed cells that function to: § § Form a protective barrier – skin Absorb – lining of intestine Secrete – sweat glands Excrete wastes – kidney tubules Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Figure 2. 2 This figure shows the appearance of different types of tissues and Figure 2. 2 This figure shows the appearance of different types of tissues and their location within the body. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Connective Tissue • Supports and protects • Function depends on location • Many different Connective Tissue • Supports and protects • Function depends on location • Many different forms § § Adipose Bone Cartilage Tendons Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Figure 2. 2 This figure shows the appearance of different types of tissues and Figure 2. 2 This figure shows the appearance of different types of tissues and their location within the body. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Nervous Tissue • Composed of cells called neurons • Forms the brain, spinal cord, Nervous Tissue • Composed of cells called neurons • Forms the brain, spinal cord, and nerves • Allows for conduction of electrical impulses between brain and rest of the body Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Neuron Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation showing neurons. Back to Neuron Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation showing neurons. Back to Directory Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Figure 2. 2 This figure shows the appearance of different types of tissues and Figure 2. 2 This figure shows the appearance of different types of tissues and their location within the body. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Organs • Composed of several types of tissue • Work together as a unit Organs • Composed of several types of tissue • Work together as a unit • Perform special functions § Example: stomach contains: • Muscle fibers • Nerve tissues • Epithelial tissue Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Systems • Composed of several organs working together in coordinated manner • Perform complex Systems • Composed of several organs working together in coordinated manner • Perform complex functions § Example: stomach plus other digestive organs including mouth, esophagus, liver, pancreas, small intestine, and colon work together to break down, digest, and absorb food Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Integumentary System • Two-way barrier and temperature regulation • Organs § § § Skin Integumentary System • Two-way barrier and temperature regulation • Organs § § § Skin Hair Nails Sweat glands Sebaceous glands Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Musculoskeletal System – Skeleton • Supports and protects body, forms blood cells, stores minerals Musculoskeletal System – Skeleton • Supports and protects body, forms blood cells, stores minerals • Organs § Bones § Joints Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Musculoskeletal System – Muscles • Produce movement • Organs § Muscles Medical Terminology: A Musculoskeletal System – Muscles • Produce movement • Organs § Muscles Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Cardiovascular System • Pumps blood to transport nutrients, oxygen, and wastes • Organs § Cardiovascular System • Pumps blood to transport nutrients, oxygen, and wastes • Organs § Heart § Arteries § Veins Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Cardiovascular System Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation of the cardiovascular Cardiovascular System Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation of the cardiovascular system. Back to Directory Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Blood (Hematic System) • Transports oxygen, protects, and controls bleeding • Organs § § Blood (Hematic System) • Transports oxygen, protects, and controls bleeding • Organs § § Plasma Erythrocytes Leukocytes Platelets Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Lymphatic System • Protects body • Organs § § § Lymph nodes Lymphatic vessels Lymphatic System • Protects body • Organs § § § Lymph nodes Lymphatic vessels Spleen Thymus gland Tonsils Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Lymphatic System Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation of the lymphatic Lymphatic System Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation of the lymphatic system. Back to Directory Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Respiratory System • Obtains oxygen and removes carbon dioxide • Organs § § § Respiratory System • Obtains oxygen and removes carbon dioxide • Organs § § § Nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchial tubes Lungs Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Respiratory System Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation of the respiratory Respiratory System Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation of the respiratory system. The animation may take a moment before playing. Back to Directory Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Gastrointestinal System • Ingest, digest, and absorb nutrients • Organs § § § § Gastrointestinal System • Ingest, digest, and absorb nutrients • Organs § § § § Oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Colon Liver & gallbladder Pancreas Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Digestive System Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation of the digestive Digestive System Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation of the digestive system. Back to Directory Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Urinary System • Filters waste and removes from body • Organs § § Kidneys Urinary System • Filters waste and removes from body • Organs § § Kidneys Ureters Urinary bladder Urethra Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Urinary System Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation of the urinary Urinary System Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation of the urinary system. The animation may take a moment before playing. Back to Directory Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Female Reproductive System • Produces eggs and provides place for baby • Organs § Female Reproductive System • Produces eggs and provides place for baby • Organs § § § Ovaries Fallopian tubes Uterus Vagina Vulva Breast Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Female Reproductive System Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation of the Female Reproductive System Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation of the female reproductive system. Back to Directory Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Male Reproductive System • Produces sperm • Organs § § § § Testes Epididymis Male Reproductive System • Produces sperm • Organs § § § § Testes Epididymis Vas deferens Penis Seminal vesicles Prostate glans Bulbourethral glands Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Male Reproductive System Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation of the Male Reproductive System Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation of the male reproductive system. Back to Directory Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Endocrine System • Regulates metabolic activity • Organs § § § § Pituitary gland Endocrine System • Regulates metabolic activity • Organs § § § § Pituitary gland Pineal gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid glands Thymus gland Pancreas Adrenal glands Ovaries & testes Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Endocrine System Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation of the endocrine Endocrine System Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation of the endocrine system. Back to Directory Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Nervous System • Receives sensory information and coordinates response • Organs § Brain § Nervous System • Receives sensory information and coordinates response • Organs § Brain § Spinal cord § Nerves Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Nervous System Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation of the nervous Nervous System Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation of the nervous system. The animation may take a moment before playing. Back to Directory Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Special Senses – Eye • Vision • Organs § Eyes Medical Terminology: A Living Special Senses – Eye • Vision • Organs § Eyes Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Eye Anatomy Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation of the eye. Eye Anatomy Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation of the eye. Back to Directory Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Special Senses – Ear • Hearing and balance • Organs § Ears Medical Terminology: Special Senses – Ear • Hearing and balance • Organs § Ears Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Ear Anatomy Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation of the ear. Ear Anatomy Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation of the ear. Back to Directory Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Building Body System Terms • Cardiovascular cardi/o + vascul/o + -ar § Pertaining to Building Body System Terms • Cardiovascular cardi/o + vascul/o + -ar § Pertaining to the heart and blood vessels • Muscular muscul/o + -ar § Pertaining to muscles Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Building Body System Terms • Lymphatic lymph/o + -atic § Pertaining to lymph • Building Body System Terms • Lymphatic lymph/o + -atic § Pertaining to lymph • Hematic hemat/o + -ic § Pertaining to blood Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Medical Specialties by System • Integumentary • Musculoskeletal • • • Endocrine Cardiovascular Blood Medical Specialties by System • Integumentary • Musculoskeletal • • • Endocrine Cardiovascular Blood Lymphatic Respiratory Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht Dermatology Orthopedics, Orthopedic Surgery Endocrinology Cardiology Hematology Immunology Otorhinolaryngology, Pulmonology, Thoracic Surgery

Medical Specialties by System • Digestive • • Urinary • Female Reproductive • • Medical Specialties by System • Digestive • • Urinary • Female Reproductive • • Male Reproductive Nervous Eye Ear Gastroenterology Proctology Urology Gynecology, Obstetrics Urology Neurosurgery Ophthalmology Otorhinolaryngology Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Building Medical Specialty Terms • Gastroenterology gastr/o + -logy § Study of stomach and Building Medical Specialty Terms • Gastroenterology gastr/o + -logy § Study of stomach and small intestine • Gynecology gynec/o + -logy § Study of the female Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Building Medical Specialty Terms • Ophthalmology ophthalm/o + -logy § Study of the eye Building Medical Specialty Terms • Ophthalmology ophthalm/o + -logy § Study of the eye • Dermatology dermat/o + -logy § Study of the skin Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Anatomical Position • Used when describing positions & relationships of structures in body • Anatomical Position • Used when describing positions & relationships of structures in body • Assume person is in anatomical position even if body or parts of the body are in other positions Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Anatomical Position • Standing erect • Arms at side of body • Palms facing Anatomical Position • Standing erect • Arms at side of body • Palms facing forward • Eyes straight forward • Legs are parallel • Feet and toes pointing forward Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Body Planes • Used to assist in describing the body and its parts • Body Planes • Used to assist in describing the body and its parts • Three planes: § Sagittal plane § Frontal plane § Transverse plane Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Sagittal Plane • Also called median plane • Vertical plane • Runs lengthwise from Sagittal Plane • Also called median plane • Vertical plane • Runs lengthwise from front to back • Divides body into left and right portions • Cut along sagittal plane yields a sagittal section Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Frontal Plane • Also called coronal plane • Vertical plane • Runs lengthwise from Frontal Plane • Also called coronal plane • Vertical plane • Runs lengthwise from side to side • Divides body into front and back positions Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Frontal Plane • Cut along frontal plane yields a frontal section or coronal section Frontal Plane • Cut along frontal plane yields a frontal section or coronal section Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Transverse Plane • Also called horizontal plane • Crosswise plane, runs parallel to the Transverse Plane • Also called horizontal plane • Crosswise plane, runs parallel to the ground • Divides body into upper and lower portions Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Transverse Plane • Cut along transverse plane yields a transverse section Medical Terminology: A Transverse Plane • Cut along transverse plane yields a transverse section Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Additional Sections • Cross-section § Produced by slice perpendicular to long axis of structure Additional Sections • Cross-section § Produced by slice perpendicular to long axis of structure • Longitudinal section § Produced by lengthwise slice along axis of structure Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Body Regions • • Cephalic – head Cervical – neck Brachial – arm Crural Body Regions • • Cephalic – head Cervical – neck Brachial – arm Crural – leg Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Regions of the Trunk (torso) • Anterior trunk § Thoracic – chest § Abdominal Regions of the Trunk (torso) • Anterior trunk § Thoracic – chest § Abdominal § Pelvic § Pubic – genitals • Posterior trunk § Dorsum – back § Vertebral § Gluteal – buttocks Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Figure 2. 5 Anterior and posterior regions of the body. Medical Terminology: A Living Figure 2. 5 Anterior and posterior regions of the body. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Building Body Region Terms • Cervical cervic/o + -al § Pertaining to the neck Building Body Region Terms • Cervical cervic/o + -al § Pertaining to the neck • Cephalic cephal/o + -ic § Pertaining to the head Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Building Body Region Terms • Brachial brachi/o + -al § Pertaining to the arm Building Body Region Terms • Brachial brachi/o + -al § Pertaining to the arm • Thoracic thorac/o + -ic § Pertaining to the chest Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Body Cavities • Body is not solid structure; has many open spaces or cavities Body Cavities • Body is not solid structure; has many open spaces or cavities • Two dorsal cavities § Cranial cavity § Spinal cavity • Two ventral cavities § Thoracic cavity § Abdominopelvic cavity Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Dorsal Cavities • Cranial cavity § Contains brain • Spinal cavity § Contains spinal Dorsal Cavities • Cranial cavity § Contains brain • Spinal cavity § Contains spinal cord Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Thoracic Cavity • Contains § Two lungs § Central mediastinum Medical Terminology: A Living Thoracic Cavity • Contains § Two lungs § Central mediastinum Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Thoracic Cavity • Mediastinum contains § § § Heart Aorta Esophagus Trachea Thymus gland Thoracic Cavity • Mediastinum contains § § § Heart Aorta Esophagus Trachea Thymus gland Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Abdominopelvic Cavity • Separated from thoracic cavity by diaphragm • Superior abdominal cavity and Abdominopelvic Cavity • Separated from thoracic cavity by diaphragm • Superior abdominal cavity and inferior pelvic cavity • Contain digestive, excretory, and reproductive organs Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Figure 2. 6 The dorsal (red) and ventral (blue) body cavities. Medical Terminology: A Figure 2. 6 The dorsal (red) and ventral (blue) body cavities. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Viscera Encased in Sac • Double layered membranous sac § Parietal layer – outer Viscera Encased in Sac • Double layered membranous sac § Parietal layer – outer layer that lines cavities § Visceral layer – inner layer that contacts viscera • Called pleura in thoracic cavity • Called peritoneum in abdominopelvic cavity Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Subdivisions of Pleura • Pleural cavity § Surrounds the lungs • Pericardial cavity § Subdivisions of Pleura • Pleural cavity § Surrounds the lungs • Pericardial cavity § Surrounds the heart Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Anatomical Divisions of the Abdomen • Upper row regions § Hypochondriac § Epigastric • Anatomical Divisions of the Abdomen • Upper row regions § Hypochondriac § Epigastric • Middle row regions § Lumbar § Umbilical • Lower row regions § Inguinal § Hypogastric Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Table 2. 3, Figure A The anatomical divisions of the abdomen. Medical Terminology: A Table 2. 3, Figure A The anatomical divisions of the abdomen. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Clinical Divisions of Abdomen Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) • Majority Clinical Divisions of Abdomen Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) • Majority of liver • Gallbladder • Small portion of pancreas • Small intestine • Colon • • • Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht Small intestine Colon Right ovary Right fallopian tube Appendix Right ureter

Clinical Divisions of Abdomen Left upper quadrant (LUQ) • • • Small portion of Clinical Divisions of Abdomen Left upper quadrant (LUQ) • • • Small portion of liver Spleen Stomach Majority of pancreas Small intestine Colon Left lower quadrant (LLQ) • • • Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht Small intestine Colon Left ovary Left fallopian tube Left ureter

Table 2. 3, Figure B The clinical divisions of the abdomen. Medical Terminology: A Table 2. 3, Figure B The clinical divisions of the abdomen. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Directional Terms • Assist medical personnel in position or location of patient’s complaint • Directional Terms • Assist medical personnel in position or location of patient’s complaint • Help to describe one process, organ, or system as it relates to another • They are listed in pairs that have opposite meanings in following table Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Directional Terms • Superior or cephalic § More towards head • Inferior or caudal Directional Terms • Superior or cephalic § More towards head • Inferior or caudal § More towards feet • Anterior or ventral § More towards front or belly-side of body Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Directional Terms • Posterior or dorsal § More towards back or spinal cord side Directional Terms • Posterior or dorsal § More towards back or spinal cord side of body Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Directional Terms • Medial § More towards middle • Lateral § More towards side Directional Terms • Medial § More towards middle • Lateral § More towards side • Proximal § Nearer to the point of attachment to body • Distal § Farther away from point of attachment to body Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Figure 2. 7 Anterior and lateral views of the body illustrating directional terms. Medical Figure 2. 7 Anterior and lateral views of the body illustrating directional terms. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Directional Terms • Apex § Tip or summit of organ • Base § Bottom Directional Terms • Apex § Tip or summit of organ • Base § Bottom or lower part of an organ • Superficial § More towards surface of body • Deep § Further away from surface of body Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Supine • Supine – lying horizontally facing upward Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Supine • Supine – lying horizontally facing upward Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Figure 2. 8 A The supine position. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Figure 2. 8 A The supine position. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Prone • Prone – lying horizontally facing downward Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Prone • Prone – lying horizontally facing downward Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Figure 2. 8 B The prone position. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Figure 2. 8 B The prone position. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Building Directional Terms • Superior super/o + -ior § Pertaining to being above • Building Directional Terms • Superior super/o + -ior § Pertaining to being above • Lateral later/o + -al § Pertining to the side Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Building Directional Terms • Anterior anter/o + -ior § Pertaining to the front • Building Directional Terms • Anterior anter/o + -ior § Pertaining to the front • Dorsal dors/o + -al § Pertaining to the back of the body Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Body Organization Abbreviations AP anteroposterior CV cardiovascular ENT ear, nose, and throat GI gastrointestinal Body Organization Abbreviations AP anteroposterior CV cardiovascular ENT ear, nose, and throat GI gastrointestinal GYN gynecology lateral LE lower extremity (leg) Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Body Organization Abbreviations LLQ left lower quadrant LUQ left upper quadrant MS musculoskeletal OB Body Organization Abbreviations LLQ left lower quadrant LUQ left upper quadrant MS musculoskeletal OB obstetrics PA posteroanterior RLQ right lower quadrant RUQ right upper quadrant UE upper extremity (arm) Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht

Combining Forms Match Up 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. adip/o caud/o crur/o glute/o hist/o Combining Forms Match Up 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. adip/o caud/o crur/o glute/o hist/o a. b. c. d. e. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht tissue leg tail fat buttock