Media, public opinion, and theoretical frames Marina Cuzmin
Introduction Major IR schools of thought have different arguments and models concerning the relationship between public opinion, media, and foreign policy
Realism (cont. ) • Public opinion, media are presented as irrelevant to understanding international politics • International politics can be described and explained as the outcome of inter-state power straggles • Foreign policy is formulated not under the influence of domestic media and publics • foreign policy elites under the influence of anarchic inter. System define and pursue the national interest
Realism • Normative components : - F. P. should be immune from public and media influence, otherwise a state might be prevented from pursuing its national interest - Mobilization of the public and media in support of the national interest is morally correct - Realism rests upon the assumption that the elite model is correct and that pluralist models are in error
Liberalism (cont. ) • Focuses on the rules and norms that have evolved between states • A key component – the democratic peace thesis(liberal democracies are war averse because the consent of the public is required) • Democratic peace theory assumes that pluralist models of media and public opinion are correct and that the elite models are in error • At the international level –free speech and the global free flow of information
Liberalism • The free flow of info through global media and the internet are part of globalization processes and have a progressively liberalizing effect around the world • Media and publics are capable of both influencing and driving foreign policy, liberal theories are strengthened
Critical approaches ( Marxism and critical theory) • The empirical description of the public opinion-media- foreign policy nexus made by realists is similar to critical approaches • Mass media serves to reflect and propagate the interest of elites, whose particular world view is then transmitted to the population whose opinions are manipulated or “manufactured”.
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