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Скачать презентацию me elco ck W do rad gs B
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me elco ck W do rad gs!!! B ldo ul B 200 6 -20 07 MRS. CONTRERAS Language Arts 9 th Grade – Eng I IGCSE Honors Room C 209
Weekly Forecast 4/16/07 – 4/20/07 • • • Monday – "Things Fall Apart" (1890 s) Ch 19 -25. Tuesday – Group PP Presentation (Modernism 1900 -Present). Franz Kafka "Metamorphosis" pg 1108. Wednesday – Test (FCAT Writes). Study grammatical rules hdts 141 -150. Thursday – Early Release. Maya Angelou's "Caged Bird" Friday – Virginia Wolf "Professions for Women" pg 1156. James Joyce "Eveline" pg 1166
Home Learning By Monday, 4/23: • Read To Kill a Mockingbird Introduction chapter 16. • Bring grammar hdts 151 -156 & 235 -240 next week to class for quiz/finals review! Have a great week!
Extended Home Learning Assignment (Due 5/7/07). • In an effort to enhance student writing skills and performance, all students are to rewrite (retype) all essay writing samples editing flaws and incorporating feedback provided. This assignment includes all hand-written essays in class as well as both research paper(s). Staple updated final draft on top of previous drafts. • Recap Sheets must be updated and placed on top of all drafts which must be compiled in date order. • A student reflection must be attached to the top evaluating your written work this year. Obviously this should take into consideration the feedback that has been provided throughout the course of the year.
Class Response… Monday 1) What is the significance of the following quote: "He has put a knife on the things that held us together and we have fallen apart" (Achebe 152). 2) In the final analysis, what is your evaluation of Okonkwo? What is his significance to the novel?
The story of one clan’s struggle to keep a foot in the past while dealing with the incoming future. Annays Rodriguez April 16, 2007 Period 6
About the Author n n n Born November 16, 1930 in Ogidi, Nigeria (Wikipedia). Real name is Albert Chinualumogu Achebe (Wikipedia). Attended Government College from 1944 -1947 in Umuahia, and the University of Ibadan from 1948 -1953 (then known as the University of London (Wikipedia). Things Fall Apart was his first novel, published in 1958 (Wikipedia). Aside from being an author, he learned broadcasting and became an Ambassador during the Nigerian Civil War (Wikipedia). Image Courtesy of Google Images.
About the Author (continued…) n n n Things Fall Apart, which was translated into 50 languages, made Achebe the most translated African writer of all time (Wikipedia). Achebe has received over 30 honorary degrees from Universities around the world including England, Scotland, Nigeria, Canada, etc (Wikipedia). In 2004, Achebe declined the honor of receiving Nigeria’s second highest award because he was not pleased with the “state affairs of his native country” (Wikipedia). Image courtesy of Google Images.
Vocabulary n n n Obi- the large living quarters of the head of the family. Umunna- a wide group of kinsmen (the masculine form of the word umuada). Chi- personal god. Kotma- court messenger. The word is not of Ibo origin but it is a corruption of “court messenger. ” Ozo- the name of one of the titles or ranks. Ogbanje- a changeling; a child who repeatedly dies and returns to its mother to be reborn. It is almost impossible to bring up an ogbanje child without it dying, unless its iyi-uwa is first found and destroyed. Egwugwu- a masquerader who impersonates one of the ancestral spirits of the village. Ogwu- medicine. Ilo- the village green, where assemblies for sports, discussions, etc. , take place. Ogene- a musical instrument; a kind of gong. Nno- welcome.
Chapter 19 • • • This chapter begins with Okonkwo’s last harvest in Mbanta. It states that although Okonkwo did well in his motherland, he would have done better in Umuofia. It also says that he had two children during his time in Mbanta: Nneka- “Mother is Supreme” and Nwofia- “Begotten in the Wilderness” (Achebe 162). As soon as the last year in exile rolled around, Okonkwo sent money to his friend, Obierika, to build him two huts in his old compound. He could not ask him, however, to build an obi for him because that was something that a man did for himself (163). When the last heavy rains started to fall, Obierika told Okonkwo that his huts were built. However, Okonkwo couldn’t go to Umuofia until the rains stopped because otherwise he would be breaking the full seven years (163). Once the rains stopped, Okonkwo called upon his three wives and told them to prepare a huge feast for his mother’s kinsmen (163). The jobs of which wife would provide what is as follows: Ekwefi, Okonkwo’s second wife, would provide the cassava because she had enough to spare from her previous year while the other wives didn’t. This is because unlike the other wives, Ekwefi only has one daughter to feed. Okonkwo’s first wife and Ojiugo, his third wife, would proved smoked fish, palm-oil, and pepper which are to be used for the soup. Okonkwo then takes the responsibility of bringing the meat and yams (163 -164). The following morning, Ekwefi, Ezinma, and Obiageli, Ojiugo’s daughter, went to the farm to harvest cassava tubers. Ezinma is hesitant about getting wet, but when Obiageli calls her “Salt” (“because she said that she disliked water), she immediately goes to work (164).
Chapter 19 continued • • The three women began to harvest, and Ezinma shook every tree violently in order to shake away all the water. They continued to dig for the tubers. “Sometimes it was not necessary to dig. They just pulled the stump, and earth rose, roots snapped below, and the tuber was pulled out” (164). Once they were done harvesting the cassava tubers, they carried the load to the stream in two trips, where each of them had a “shallow well for fermenting her cassava” (164. ) The women then go on to talk about how long it would take for the cassavas to be ready. Obiageli says they should be ready in three or four days because they are young tubers, but Ezinma contradicts her by saying that they are not young; the soil in which they were planted was just poor (164 -165). The story moves on to a different setting. Okonkwo and Ekwefi are arguing about how many goats are to be killed for the feast. Ekwefi says two will be enough, but Okonkwo says that he wants to show truly grateful he is to his mother’s kinsmen. Finally they agree upon three goats and several fowls being slaughtered (165). The gratification feast was compared to a wedding feast. “There was foo-foo and yam pottage, egusi soup and bitter-leaf soup and pots of palm-wine” (165). All the descendants of Okolo were present for the feast, the oldest of them being Uchendu, Okonkwo’s uncle. They gave him the kola nut to break, and he prayed for health and children. “We do not ask for wealth because he that has health and children will also have wealth. We do not pray to have more money but to have more kinsmen. We are better than animals because we have kinsmen…”(165). Once the kola nut was passed around, Okonkwo’s wife and children began to bring out the food. Okonkwo’s sons brought out the pots of palm-wine, and when all the food was laid-out, Okonkwo stood up to speak (166).
Chapter 19 continued • • Okonkwo asks the kinsmen to accept the little kola. He then goes on to say that he cannot repay for all that his mother’s kinsmen have done for him in the past seven years. He then says “[A] child cannot pay for its mother’s milk. I have only called you together because it is good for kinsmen to meet” (166). The order of the food was then given. First came the yam pottage because “it was lighter than foo-foo and because yam always came first. ” Second came the foo-foo. Some of the people present ate this with egusi soup while other ate it with bitter-leaf soup. After the foo-foo came the meat, which was shared so that all of the kinsmen had a portion to eat. The way the portions were passed out was in order of age. The passage goes on to say that some portions were saved for those kinsmen who were not able to make it. While everyone was drinking the palm-wine, one of the older members of the kinsmen stood up to thank Okonkwo. He says that to say that they didn’t expect such a big feast was to say that Okonkwo was not openhanded. He states that they expected a big feast, but Okonkwo exceeded their expectations. This member of the umunna continues by saying that it’s nice to see that some people still respect their elders in a generations where the young ones think they are wiser than their elders. The kinsman continues saying that “[A] man who calls his kinsmen to a feast does not do so to save them from starving. They all have food in their own homes. When we gather together in the moonlit village ground it is not because of the moon. Every man can see it in his own compound. We come together because it is good for kinsmen to do so”(166 -167).
Chapter 19 continued • The older member then admits that he fears for the younger generation because he claims that the younger ones do not understand the importance of kinship. He says that because they are like this, an “abominable religion” has settled and now a man can leave his family and his family’s beliefs and traditions. He finishes off by saying that he fears for the clan, and thanks Okonkwo for bringing them together. • Analysis: – Okonkwo shows his mother’s kinsmen that he is grateful for their hospitality. – The older members of the group fear for the younger generation because they do not understand the proper way to do things. – Even when it comes to gratitude, Okonkwo once again shows no feelings. He tell his wife that he planning the feast to show his gratitude, but then tells his kinsmen that he is doing it because it’s what kinsmen ought to do. – Okonkwo proves to the reader that he can overcome most things. Regardless of the fact that he was exiled from his land, he still prospered in his motherland.
Chapter 20 • • This chapter begins with Okonkwo recognizing all he had missed in Umuofia during the seven years in exile. Some of these losses included “his place among the nine masked spirits” and “years in which he might have taken the highest titles in the clan” (171). Achebe writes that even in Okonkwo’s first year in exile he was planning his return to Umuofia. Okonkwo says the first thing he would do would to be to rebuild his compound, but this time it would be bigger. Okonkwo would also build a bigger barn than before and two huts for his two new wives (171). Okonkwo then says that he will show much wealth he has by entering his sons into the ozo society. After all this, Okonkwo imagined himself taking the highest title in the land (171 -172). It also looked to Okonkwo that his chi was making up for Okonkwo’s past disasters. His yams grew plentiful and prosperous not only in Mbanta but in Umuofia (172). All of a sudden, a tragedy with Okonkwo’s first son, Nwoye, occurred. Okonkwo wasn’t sure if he could handle the disappointment, but he soon overcame it. He sent for his other five sons, the youngest being four, and brought them into his obi. While in his obi, Okonkwo basically disowned Nwoye, claiming that he was no longer his son or his sons’ brother. He tells his sons if any of them prefer to be a woman, let him follow Nwoye now when he is alive so that Okonkwo can curse him. “If you turn against me when I am dead I will visit you and break your neck” (172). Okonkwo claimed to be very lucky in his daughters, though he still regretted that Ezinma was a girl. He says that she understood him most, and throughout the years a “bond of sympathy” had grown between them (172).
Chapter 20 continued • • • Ezinma is now called Crystal of Beauty, just like Ekwefi (her mother) had been called when she was younger. The reader also learns that Ezinma had moments of depression when she would snap at everybody, but they didn’t come often. However, when the mood swings did occur, the only person she could stand to be with was her father (172 -173). Ezinma had many suitors come for her in Mbanta, but she turned them all down because of something Okonkwo had told her. “There are many good and prosperous people here, but I shall be happy if you marry in Umuofia when we return home” (173). Okonkwo knew that Ezinma understood the meaning behind his words, so he asked her to explain it to her half-sister, Obiageli. Even thought they were almost the same age, Ezinma had a strong influence over Obiageli (173). Okonkwo once again wished that Ezinma was a boy, but he knew that with two beautiful daughters, his future son-in-laws would be men of authority because “the poor and unknown would not dare to come forth. ” Okonkwo’s return would attract “considerable attention” in his eyes (173). Achebe now shows how Umuofia had changed during the seven years of Okonkwo’s exile. The church had been established and “led many astray. ” One example of someone who was lead astray was Ogbuefi Ugonna (174). Ogbuefi Ugonna had taken two titles, but threw all this away when he joined the Christians. The missionary was very proud of him, and Ogbuefi Ugonna “was one of the first men in Umuofia to receive the Sacrament of Holy Communion. ” In Ibo, this was called the Holy Feast, and Ogbuefi Ugonna thought this feast to be consisting of food and drink, just to a holier extent (174).
Chapter 20 continued • • • The ‘white men’ had also brought a government to Umuofia. They built a court and had a District Commissioner who had court messengers that brought people to him for trial. Most of the court messengers came from Umuru, where the ‘white men’ had first gone many years before and where they built the center of their religion, trade, and government (174). The reader learns that the court messengers were extremely hated in Umuofia because they were foreigners and they were arrogant. The messengers were called kotma, and they were also called Ashy-Buttocks because of their ash-colored shorts (174). The kotma guarded the prison which held those that had offended the ‘white man’s’ law. The prisoners were beaten by the kotma, and forced to perform slave-like tasks for the ‘white men’ (174 -175). Some of the prisoners were “men of title” and were “grieved by the indignity” (175). As they were cutting grass, the younger prisoners would sing, “Kotma of the ash buttocks. He is fit to be a slave. The white man has no sense, He is fit to be a slave. ” The Kotma beat the men for being called Ashy-Buttocks. When Okonkwo hears Obierika tell him all this, he feels sadness (175). Okonkwo questions why his people have lost their power to fight. Obierika asks him if he has not heard what the ‘whit men’ had done in Abame, to which Okonkwo answers: “I have heard…But I have also heard that Abame people were weak and foolish… We would be cowards to compare ourselves with the men of Abame” (175).
Chapter 20 continued • • • Okonkwo says that they must fight these people, but Obierika said that it was too late because many of Umuofia had joined the Christians. “If we should try to drive out the white men in Umuofia, we should find it easy. There are only two of them. But what of our own people who are following their way and have been given power? They would go to Umuru and bring the soldiers, and we would be like Abame” (176). What is next spoken about is that the land that once belonged to Aneta was given to Nnama’s family, which had supported the ‘white men. ’ The ‘white men’ had decided this, and Okonkwo and Obierika discussed how the ‘white men’ can decide upon matters of the land when they don’t understand the customs of Umuofia” (176). Obierika then states how the ‘white man’ was smart because he came peaceably with the religion, and how the Umuofians were foolish in allowing him to stay. “He [the white man] has put a knife on the things that held us together and we have fallen apart” (176). Achebe explained how they caught Aneto had fled to Aninta. His capture occurred about eight days after the fight between and Oduche because Oduche had not yet died from his wounds. He finally died on the seventh day, and Aneto got his belongings together and prepared to flee. However, the kotma caught him and sent him to prison with all the leaders of his family. Aneto, in the end, was taken to Umuru and hanged (177). Analysis: – – – Okonkwo is starting to regret that Ezinma is a girl more and more. His goes to show the importance of men in Okonkwo’s eyes since he can’t accept that she’s a girl. Okonkwo is beginning to lose hope in Umuofia. The ‘white men’ are gaining more control and the clan is basically giving up.
Chapter 21 • • This chapter begins with the statement that not all the people in Umuofia hated the Christians as much as Okonkwo. Though the Christians brought a “lunatic religion, ” they had also brought in much money with the building of a trade store (178). The people of Umuofia now thought that maybe there was something in the new religion after all. This was because of Mr. Brown (the white missionary), who worked hard to restrain his people from provoking the “wrath of the clan” (178). One of the members of Mr. Brown’s clan was Enoch killed and ate the Sacred Python, and his father had supposedly cursed him (178). Through Mr. Brown’s teachings, he came to earn the respect of most people, even the clan. He made friends with some of the important men in the clan, and on one of his many visits he was given a carved elephant trunk, which was a sign of dignity and rank (178 -179). Akunna, who was one of the great men of the village, had allowed one of his sons to be taught in Mr. Brown’s school (179). Mr. Brown always stayed and talked to Akunna about religion whenever he visited the village. Akunna questioned Mr. Brown further about the Christian religion. He told Mr. Brown that how the Christian religion had one Supreme God, the Ibo also have one and they call him Chukwu (179). Akunna stated how Chukwu created all the other gods. Mr. Brown then tells Akunna that there are no other gods. Akunna tries to explain to Mr. Brown that all the other gods are like Chukwu’s messengers, similar to how the priests and people such as Mr. Brown are the messengers to the Christian God (179 -180).
Chapter 21 continued • • • Mr. Brown then says that the issue is that they should not think of Him as a person because then He must have helpers and they end up worshipping on the smaller gods. Akunna then tells Mr. Brown that he is wrong. The Ibo people make sacrifices to the smaller gods, but when these gods don’t come through they turn to Chukwu. He uses the proverb “We approach a great man through his servants” to explain this relationship (180). Akunna says that they worry the little gods because they are scared of worrying their “Master. ” Mr. Brown finds this fear in the Supreme God interesting and tells Akunna that in the Christian religion, the Supreme God is loving and does not instill fear in his followers (180 -181). Akunna answers back by saying that you must fear you God if you are not doing His will, and that His will is too great to be known (181). Through this conversation, Mr. Brown learned plenty about the religion of the clan. He also learned that a frontal attack on the clan would not work (181). Mr. Brown began to build a school and a hospital in Umuofia. He begged the people to send their children to the school, but most only sent their slaves or lazy children. He tried to convince the Umuofians that the future leaders would have to know how to read and write; otherwise, people would come and take over their land without the people knowing (181). Eventually, Mr. Brown’s arguments began to convince people. He gave gifts to those who came in order to keep them interested. Those who went weren’t only young people; some of the people were over thirty years old. They would work in the morning and go to school in the afternoon (181).
Chapter 21 continued • • Those who joined Mr. Brown’s school saw quick results. Many became court messengers or even court clerks within a few months. The ones who stayed longer became teachers. Religion also played a big role in education (182). After a while, Mr. Brown became sick and had to leave the clan (182). Mr. Brown left for his home in the first rainy season. Five months earlier, when he had heard of Okonkwo’s return, he had immediately gone to pay him a visit. He visited to tell Okonkwo that Nwoye (who had changed his name to Isaac) was sent to a new training college in Umuru. Mr. Brown expected Okonkwo to be happy about it, but Okonkwo drove him away with a threat (182). Contrary to what he believed, Okonkwo’s return was not a big deal. His two daughters soon had marriage negotiations in progress, but that was about it. In Okonkwo’s eyes, the clan had changed too much during his exile. Many people accepted the new religion, and this was despicable to Okonkwo. The only thing that people talked about was the new religion, and never about his return (182 -183). Okonkwo believed that if he had joined his sons into the ozo society immediately he would have received attention. However, ozo initiations only occurred once in three years and because of the time when Okonkwo returned, he would have to wait almost two years (183). Okonkwo was deeply disturbed by the clan’s actions. He saw them falling apart and losing their will and power to fight (183). Analysis: – – In this chapter we see that Umuofia is quickly giving in to the new religion and the ‘white men. ’ You see more of a sense of foreboding when Achebe says “Okonkwo was deeply grieved. And it was not just a personal grief. He mourned for the clan, which he saw breaking up and falling apart. . . ” (183).
Chapter 22 • • • This chapter starts off by saying that Mr. Brown’s successor was Reverend James Smith, and that he was far more different than Mr. Brown. He didn’t agree with Mr. Brown’s policies of befriending the people of Umuofia (184). Mr. Smith was disappointed in the fact that many of the converted Umuofians showed ignorance towards many aspects of the Christian religion. He was upset at Mr. Brown because he focused more on gaining a wide amount of converts that knew nothing instead of a small group that actually showed respect and knowledge towards Christianity (184). Soon after his arrival, Mr. Smith had to suspend a young woman from the church. This women had let her husband mutilate her dead child, and Mr. Smith was angry when he heard this. Even when the most faithful of his group confirmed the story, he could not believe that evil children would be born again unless they were mutilated. He then told those in his group that such stories were made by the Devil, and that those who believed them were not allowed to sit at the Lord’s table (185). The story now describes Enoch to a greater extent. It says that he was “short and slight of build” and always seemed to be in some kind of a hurry. He had so much energy bottled up that he always ended up in fights. Enoch thought that on Sundays, the sermon was meant for his enemies purpose. If he happened to be sitting near one of them, he would give them a look that said “I told you so” (185 -186). Enoch is said to be the one that started the fight between the church and the clan (186). This fight happened during the ceremony that was held to honor the earth deity. During this celebration, egwugwu would walk around, and the greatest crime that a person could commit was to unmask an egwugwu (186).
Chapter 22 continued • • Unfortunately for everyone, the celebration landed on the same day that sermon was held at church: Sunday. The Christian women who had gone to church could not go home because the egwugwu were walking around, so their husbands begged the egwugwu to retire for a short while so that their wives can go home (186). The egwugwu agreed and they were on their way to leave when Enoch started talking about how they wouldn’t dare touch a Christian. One of the egwugwu came back and hit Enoch with the cane, and Enoch fell on him, pulling his mask off while falling (186). The other egwugwu immediately crowded around the fallen egwugwu to make sure that none of the women and children saw his face. Enoch had just killed one of the ancestral spirits, and no one knew what to do (186). That same night the Mother of the Spirits walked around all of Umuofia crying and weeping for her son’s death. No one had ever heard such a terrible sound, and it was never to be heard again (187). The next day, all of the masked egwugwu came together in the marketplace. Not only those from Umuofia, but also those from neighboring villages. Together, they all headed towards Enoch’s compound with machetes and weapons in hand (187). The reader finds out that on the previous night, the leaders of the Christian group had met in Mr. Smith’s parsonage. Mr. Smith showed fear at the sound of the weeping coming from the Mother of Spirits. He asked his converts what the clan was going to do, but no one knew because such a crime had never been committed before (187). Mr. Smith and his group talked about what they should do, and they decided that they were going to hide Enoch in the parsonage for a few days. When Enoch heard this, he was disappointed because he want a full fledged war to break out (188).
Chapter 22 continued • • The egwugwu and men that had gathered reached Enoch’s compound and burned it to the ground. From there, they walked towards that church, intent on destruction (188). Mr. Smith had heard the wailing of the spirits and came stood outside his church compound. However, when he saw the first few spirits, he almost ran away. Instead, he walked down the Church steps and approached the spirits (188). The egwugwu and the group with them tore down the wall the surrounded the Church and were soon nearing where Mr. Smith was standing. Behind Mr. Smith stood Okeke, his interpreter. Okeke and Mr. Smith had not been on good terms lately, but the sight of him pleased Mr. Smith (188 -189). Everyone was screaming until Ajofia started to speak. He was the leader of the egwugwu in Umuofia. He addressed Mr. Smith and spoke to him like he would speak to the people of Umuofia. Mr. Smith did not understand what was happening and since Okeke was from Umuru, he too was confused (189 -190). Ajofia laughed at the ignorance of Mr. Smith and Okeke. He saluted his members and then planted his spear into the ground and turned again to Mr. Smith to speak (190). Ajofia tells Okeke to tell Mr. Smith that they will not harm him, and to go back to his house and leave Umuofia alone. He says that they liked Mr. Brown better even though he was foolish, and for his sake he will not hurt Mr. Smith. He also said, however, that the Church must be destroyed because “it has bred untold abominations” (190). Ajofia once again saluted his comrades and then turned to speak to Mr. Smith once again. He tells him that he can stay if he likes the Umuofian ways, and that it is good for a man to worship the spirits and the gods of his father. He also tells him to go back home so that he won’t get hurt, and that the anger of the Umuofians is great, but they have controlled it in order to be able to talk to Mr. Smith (190). Mr. Smith then told Okeke to tell the men to go away from there because the church is the house of God and he will not live to see it be destroyed (190).
Chapter 22 continued • • Okeke twisted Mr. Smith’s words and told the men that Mr. Smith said that he is happy the men came to him like friends, and that he will be happy if you leave the situation in his hands (191). Ajofia fights back saying that they cannot leave the matter in Mr. Smith’s hands because he does not understand the customs of Umuofia, just as they do not understand Mr. Smith’s customs. “We say he is foolish because he does not know our ways, and perhaps he says we are foolish because we do not know his. Let him go away” (191). Mr. Smith could not save his church. By the time the egwugwu had left, the church that Mr. Brown had built was burned to ashes (191). Analysis: – There is a great amount of tension between the Church and the clan, which could prove to be a dangerous thing. – This is the breaking point for the Church. Mr. Smith seems like he is going to try to take control whatever means necessary. – There is another sense of foreboding when Achebe says: “It seemed as if the very soul of the tribe wept for a great evil that was coming- its own death” (187).
Chapter 23 • • • This chapter begins by saying that Okonkwo began to feel happiness again. He thought that the clan was finally realizing the mistake that they made. Okonkwo had spoken harshly to his clansmen when they met in the marketplace to decide what to do. They all listened to him with respect, just like the “good old days. ” Okonkwo was almost happy again (192). After the destruction of the church, nothing happened for two days. All the men walked around armed, so as not to be caught off guard like the men in Abame (192). When the District Commissioner returned from his tour, Mr. Smith immediately went to him and told him everything that had happened in his absence. Three days later, the District Commissioner sent his manipulative messengers to the leaders of Umuofia and asked them to meet in the District Commissioner headquarters. The leaders did not think this strange because they were often asked to hold such meetings. Okonkwo was one of the six that were invited (193). Okonkwo told the others to be fully armed, just in case. The leaders went to meet the District Commissioner and he received them politely (193). The D. C. begins by telling them that he has asked to see them because of what happened while he was away. He then told them that he wanted to hear their side of the story. Ogbuefi Ekwueme stood up to tell the story, but he was interrupted by the D. C. He said that he wanted his comrades to be present for his story (193). The twelve men entered and sat down. Ogbuefi Ekueme began to tell his story when suddenly the twelve men attacked. It happened too quickly for the men of Umuofia to do anything. The men of Umuofia were handcuffed and taken to the guard room (194).
Chapter 23 continued • • • The D. C. told the six captured men that they would not be harmed if they agree to cooperate with him. He goes on to say that they have brought a peaceful administration to Umuofia for their happiness. He continues saying if someone were to harm the Umuofians, the Christians would come to the rescue, but they cannot allow the Umuofians to harm others (194). The D. C. continues telling the men why they have been captured and that the only way in which they will be released is if they agree to pay a fine of two hundred bags of cowries. The D. C. told the court messengers to treat these men with respect because they were leaders, and then he left (194). However, when the D. C. left, the head messenger shaved off all the hair on the men’s heads. They also did not feed or give the men anything to drink for two days, and they were not allowed to go urinate. The court messengers would come in every night and knock the men’s heads together (195). Even when the men were alone, they could not speak to each other because they could not find the words. Eventually, on the third day, they began to talk about giving in. Okonkwo says that had they listened to him, the ‘white man’ would be dead and they wouldn’t be in this situation. One of the messengers had overheard Okonkwo saying that he wanted to kill the ‘white man, ’ so he brought a strong stick and hit each man on the head an back (195). As soon as the men were imprisoned, the court messengers when to Umuofia and told them that their leaders would not be released until the village paid them two hundred and fifty bags of cowries. They told the people of Umuofia that unless the fine was paid immediately, their leaders would be taken to Umuru and be hanged (195 -196). There were different rumors flying everywhere. Some said that the leaders had already been hanged. Others said that they were to be hanged the next day (196).
Chapter 23 continued • • Even thought it was the time of the full moon, the regular activities that would have been taking place did not happen. Everything was silent, only to be broken by the beating of the ogene. The crier called that every man in Umuofia was to meet in the marketplace after the morning meal (196). In Okonkwo’s compound, everything was silent. The whole family was there, but they spoke in whispers. Ezinma broke her twenty-eight day visit to the family of her future husband when she heard that her father had been imprisoned. As soon as she got home, she went to Obierika to inquire as to what was going to be done. Obierika was not there, and his wife said that he had been out since morning and that he might have gone to a secret meeting. This please Ezinma because she was convinced that something was being done (197). The following morning, the men met at the marketplace as they were instructed to do the night before. They collected the two hundred and fifty bags of cowries without delay in order to give to the ‘white man. ’ What they didn’t know was that the extra fifty bags of cowries was for the court messengers (197). Analysis: – As predicted, the fine line between Church and Clan was finally crossed. – The men now know that they should have killed the ‘white men’ when they had the chance to. – When Okonkwo says “An Umuofia man does not refuse a call. He may refuse to do what he is asked; he does not refuse to be asked. But the times have changed, and we must be fully prepared, ” (193) he hints on that he senses something is going to happen.
Chapter 24 • • • As soon as the fine was paid, the prisoners were set free. When they left the court, they spoke to no one, not even amongst themselves. On their way home, they passed women and children, but the looks that they bore on their face intimidated the women and children so they didn’t even say welcome (198). While walking through the village, men joined the six men so that they became a sizable group. When each man got to his compound, he walked in, taking some of the crowd with him (199). Ezinma began to prepare food for her father as soon as she heard that the six men had been released. When he got home, she took it to him in his obi. He only ate to please her, but Okonkwo really didn’t have an appetite. Okonkwo’s friends and male family members gathered in his obi and told him to eat, Nobody spoke, but they all noticed the lines on Okonkwo’s back where he had been beaten (199). That night, the village crier announced that there would be another meeting in the morning. Okonkwo slept very little that night because “the bitterness in his heart was now mixed with a kind of childlike excitement. ” He had brought down his war dress before going to bed (199). While lying on his bed, Okonkwo brooded over the treatment he had received in the ‘white man’s’ court. He swore vengeance. He decided that if Umuofia chose to go to war, all would be well. However, if they chose to be cowards, he would seek revenge himself (199). Okonkwo then began to think about past wars. He decided that the noblest one was the war against Isike, when Okudo was still alive. He reflected on how in those days, men were men (200).
Chapter 24 continued • • Okonkwo began to think about Egonwanne. This man was the greatest coward, and with his words, he moves the men to cowardice. Okonkwo decided that if Egonwanne began to steer the subject away from war, he would leave and plan his own revenge (200). The next morning, the marketplace filled quickly. Okonkwo went to Obierika’s compound to walk to the meeting place together. When they got to the meeting place, it was completely filled. It made Okonkwo a little happier to see the strength in numbers (201). Okonkwo was looking for Egonwanne. When he found him, Obierika asked if Okonkwo was afraid he would convince the clan not to fight. To this Okonkwo answered: “Afraid? I do not care what he does to you. I despise him and those who listen to him. I shall fight alone if I choose” (201). Obierika questioned Okonkwo as to why he was so sure that Egonwanne would try to convince the clan against war. Okonkwo said he was sure because Egonwanne was a coward. When people greeted Okonkwo, he would pay them no attention (202). The first man that was to speak was Okika, one of the six men that was imprisoned. He began by saying that they all ought to be in the compounds instead of at the marketplace, but something has occurred to bring them all together (203). He continues saying that all the gods are weeping , and that their dead fathers a weeping because of the shameful suffering and abomination that they have all seen (203). He asked the crowd if all the sons of Umuofia were present, and then answered that they were not because some of them deserted them and joined the other side (203).
Chapter 24 continued • • Okika says that they must do what their fathers have never done: kill their brothers. Their fathers have never done this because they have never been plagued by the ‘white men. ’ They must destroy the evil, even if it means destroying their brothers too (203). All of a sudden, five court messengers showed up. Okonkwo went up to the head messenger; he was full of anger and hate. The other four court messengers were lined up behind the head messenger, and all was silent. The head messenger broke this silence by saying “let me pass. ” Okonkwo asked what he wanted and that messenger said that the ‘white man’ had ordered for this meeting to stop. As quick as lightning, Okonkwo drew out his machete and chopped the head messenger’s head off (204). The meeting stopped and Okonkwo just stood looking at the dead messenger. He knew that Umuofia would not go to war because they had let the other messengers escape. Many people in the meeting where asking why Okonkwo killed the man. He simply wiped his machete on the sand walked away (205). Analysis: – After allowing the ‘white men’ to manipulate their thoughts, the people of Umuofia finally realized that there was a problem. – Many people did not understand the reason why Okonkwo killed the head messenger because they were indifferent to the whole situation. – The fact that all the gods are weeping shows that even they have given up hope.
Chapter 25 • • • This final chapter begins with the District Commissioner arriving at Okonkwo’s compound with a group of soldiers and court messengers. He found a group of men sitting in the obi and called them outside. He asked which one of them was Okonkwo and Obierika replied that Okonkwo was not there. The Commissioner began to get frustrated when he go the same answer after asking the question a second time (206). The Commissioner threatened the men that he would lock them up if they did not tell him where Okonkwo was. The men agreed to take the Commissioner to where Okonkwo was in hopes that he would help them. The Commissioner was confused but followed the men (206). The Commissioner followed Obierika to a bush with a hole in it. The hole, however, was not large enough for a man to pass through. They continued to walk around the compound, until they reached the tree where Okonkwo’s body was hanged (207). Obierika asked if the Commissioner and his men could bring Okonkwo’s body down from the tree. When the Commissioner questioned why they couldn’t take the body down themselves, Obierika answered that it is against Ibo custom. “It is an abomination for a man to take his own life. It is an offense against the Earth, and a man who commits it will not be buried by his clansmen. His body is evil, and only strangers may touch it” (207). The Commissioner then asked if they will bury Okonkwo the way they would bury any other man to which Obierika answered that only strangers can bury him, and that they shall pay the Commissioner and his men to do it. Once Okonkwo is buried, then the clansmen will perform their duty to him and make sacrifices to “cleanse the desecrated land” (207 -208).
Chapter 25 continued • • • Obierika suddenly turned to the Commissioner and told him: “That man was one of the greatest men in Umuofia. You drove him to kill himself; and now he will be buried like a dog…” (208). The Commissioner ordered one of his messengers to take down the body and bring it, along with all the men that had been present, to the court (208). When the Commissioner left, the reader learns that he had toiled in many different parts of Africa. The Commissioner has apparently learned many things, one of these things being that a District Commissioner should never perform details such as cutting a hanged man from a tree. This would give the natives of the village a poor image of him (208). The reader also learns that the Commissioner plans to write a book. In this book he would try to stress the above mentioned point. He said that he could write a whole chapter about Okonkwo’s killing a messenger and then hanging himself. He then gives the title of his book: The Pacification of the Primitive Tribes of the Lower Niger. Analysis: – Though suicide is an offense, Okonkwo still goes through with it. This shows the reader how he had completely given up on his clan. – For Okonkwo, things really did fall apart, but I believe the title was an inclinations towards something bigger than one person: religion, and how it affects society. – In the last page, the Commissioner said that instead of a chapter, he would write a paragraph. This shows that he doesn’t really care about what he has caused a man to do and will continue to do what he’s been doing. He hasn’t learned his lesson, has he?
Characterization l l l l Okonkwo- main character of story. He is strong in mind and body, and believes that showing one’s feelings in considered womanly. Fears weakness and failure, along with the fear of being like his father. Obierika- one of Okonkwo’s greatest friends. Kind and brave. Helps Okonkwo while he is in exile. Ekwefi- Okonkwo’s second wife and mother of Ezinma. Nwoye- Okonkwo’s oldest son, who left his family to join the Christians and changed his name to Isaac. Ojiugo- Okonkwo’s third wife and mother of Obiageli. She is not mentioned much in the book, only in small instances. Ezinma- daughter of Ekwefi and favorite of Okonkwo. Throughout the whole story, Okonkwo wishes she was born a boy because she has all the right qualities to be a strong and successful boy. Grows up to be one of the most beautiful women in the village. Obiageli- daughter of Ojiugo. Also grows up to be beautiful, and is greatly influenced by Ezinma. Uchendu- Okonkwo’s uncle and the oldest living member of Okonkwo’s mother’s kinsmen. Mr. Brown- the first white missionary to reside in Umuofia, who converted many of the Umuofians to Christianity. He left the clan due to sickness. Akunna- one of Mr. Brown’s friends in the village who did not convert to Christianity. Mr. Smith- the man who took Mr. Brown’s place when he left. Mr. Smith was much hated by the village for his violent actions towards the leaders of Umuofia. Okeke- Mr. Smith’s interpreter. District Commissioner- man who’s name is never mentioned in the book, but seems to have power over all the white men. Egonwanne- “coward” who convinces people to not choose war. Hated by Okonkwo.
Themes Manliness The role of religion and cultural beliefs Fear of failure and weakness Strife for success Justice (or lack thereof)
Outline Thesis statement: Throughout the last part of the book, Chinua Achebe shows how changes in religion and culture affect the Ibo society. As in most other cultures, the introduction of a new religion destroys the present society, as is evident by Okonkwo’s suicide at the end of the book. I. Before one can understand the change in the religion, Achebe shows the reader the importance of culture and religion to the Ibo society through the several ceremonies that are held in Umuofia. A. In Umuofia, ceremonies were a way for the people of the clan to meet and decide upon the actions that are to be taken for certain situations. 1. During the ceremony that followed the unmasking of an egwugwu, the clan decided to burn down Enoch’s compound because he had committed a great crime. a. No one had ever pulled off the mask of an egwugwu, and they were not sure what to do. The punishment they gave to Enoch was used in order to cleanse the earth of an offending being. 2. The men of Umuofia met in the marketplace the morning following the announcement by the court messengers because the leaders that were imprisoned were important and respected in their culture (Things Fall Apart). a. In this ceremony, it was decided that the clan would immediately pay the two hundred and fifty bags of cowries to the court messengers in order to set their leaders free. This shows how important the leaders are to the clan. 3. The morning after Okonkwo’s release from the white man’s prison, another ceremony took place to decide what Umuofia was going to do about the missionaries that were disrespecting them and their culture (Things Fall Apart).
Outline II. The missionaries were determined not to be run out of Umuofia by the people of the clan. They were there in order to convert those in Umuofia, and they were not going to leave until they had finished what they had started. A. Achebe shows the reader the determination of the missionaries in converting the clan through the building of the church, school, trading store, and new government. 1. When the missionaries built the church earlier in the story, it became evident that they planned to stay. When the Umuofians began to attend the church, it became evident that the missionaries were becoming convincing. 2. When Mr. Brown built his school, he wanted the people of Umuofia to send their children there, claiming that the future leaders had to be educated (Things Fall Apart). 3. The trading store that was built allowed more money to flow into Umuofia, convincing some members of the clan that maybe the missionaries were not so bad (Things Fall Apart). 4. The new government that the missionaries established in Umuofia was supported by the Christian religion, but did not necessarily have the Ibo culture in its best interest.
Outline III. The turning point in the story shows how the new religion marks the start of the clan’s downfall. A. Mr. Smith’s negative attitude causes the disruption of the clan’s order because of his implementation of religion. 1. The obvious differences between Mr. Brown and Mr. Smith’s treatment of the clan causes a shift in feelings on the clan’s part. 2. Mr. Smith does not show any respect to the Umuofians. 3. Mr. Smith shows how different he is from Mr. Brown when the Umuofians attempt to bargain with him but he is arrogant, and Okeke (his interpreter) is forced to try to patch things up between the opposing groups. 4. He is shown the amount of dislike the Umuofians have for him when his church is burned down in front of his eyes.
Outline IV. The ‘white men’s’ indirect motives were to harm the Umuofians, along with their beliefs, and force them into accepting the Christian religion. A. The ‘white men’ claim to have offered a “peaceful administration” (194), but this ‘motive’ is continuously ignored. This is evident in more than one situation. 1. Mr. Smith tries to find a way in which he can put the Umuofians under their control without their realizing it, which causes the Umuofians to lose their trust in the ‘white man. ’ 2. When the District Commissioner calls the six leaders of Umuofia for a meeting, he says it is because of their actions towards people. However, he refrains from mentioning the ‘white man’s’ actions towards the clan. 3. The sending of the five men shows the ‘white man’s’ belief that he is in control of the Umuofians and will eventually convert them to his religion. a. Five white men are sent from the court in order to stop the ceremony from continuing. The head messenger says “The white man whose power you know too well has ordered this meeting to stop” (204).
Outline V. The destruction of religion and culture in the Ibo society is symbolized with the death of Okonkwo. A. Towards the end of the story, Okonkwo, who symbolizes the strength and power of the clan, gives up hope of winning against the Christian missionaries. 1. In the Ibo culture, the act of suicide is an offense to the tribe, and the person who committed this crime cannot be buried by his clansmen. 2. The District Commissioner shows no sympathy for driving Okonkwo over the edge, which can symbolize that the District Commissioner did not care for people who opposed his religion. Concluding Statement: In conclusion, with the initiation of new religion and culture in Umuofia comes destruction. The people of Umuofia cannot handle change so quickly, and their foolishness ends in their defeat. With Okonkwo’s death comes the symbol of the death of the clan, and proof that the story lives up to its name; Things really did fall apart.
Summary of Criticisms Clayton Mackenzie: “Things Fall Apart”: “In the following essay, Mackenzie details the transformation of indigenous religious beliefs and practices in Things Fall Apart, comparing it to the relatively static portrayal of religion in Arrow of God” (Mackenzie). Rev. Professor Emmanuel Nlenanya Onwu: This article discusses the different themes that are present in Things Fall Apart, focusing on the coming of the missionaries and how they affected the Igbo tribe. This article discusses the Igbo religion, how it came to be, and the details behind it. It also discusses how these are present in Things Chapter/Theme Analysis: This article analyzes themes present in Things Fall Apart and each chapter individually. Fall Apart. Critical Essays Major Themes in the Novel: Chinua Achebe: Things Fall Apart Study Guide : This article discusses the major themes that show in in Things Fall Apart, and how they are relevent to the story. This article analyzes each chapter on its own and a makes references to major themes that arise in the work.
Bloom’s Taxonomy • Knowledge – What happened after the six leaders of Umofia were captured? – Can you tell why Okonkwo planned the feast for his mother’s kingdom? • Comprehension – What differences exist between Mr. Brown and Mr. Smith? – Who do you think was to blame for Okonkwo’s death: him for killing himself, the clan for never fighting back against the missionaries, or the missionaries for coming to Umofia in the first place? • Application – What factors of the story would you change? – Do you know another instance where a strong leader like Okonkwo reached a breaking point?
Bloom’s Taxonomy (cont. ) • Analysis – What are some of the problems of the new religion? – Compare and contrast the Ibo culture to the Christian religion. • Synthesis – What would happen if the white men and the Umofians would go to war? – Predict what happens after Okonkwo’s death? • Evaluation – What do you think about Nwoye converting? – Do you think this story is empowering to Africans or somehow degrading?
Works Cited ¡ ¡ ¡ Brians, Paul. "Chinua Achebe: Things Fall Apart Study Guide. " 13 Dec 2005 28 Mar 2007<http: //www. wsu. edu: 8000/~brians/anglophone/achebe. html>. "Chapter/ Theme Analysis. " Pink Monkey 28 Mar 2007 <http: //www. pinkmonkey. com/booknotes/monkeynotes/pm. Things. Fall 41. asp>. "Critical Essays: Major themes in the novel. " Cliffs. Notes 28 Mar 2007 <http: //www. cliffsnotes. com/Wiley. CDA/Lit. Note/id-133, page. Num 88. html>. Mackenzie, Clayton. "The Metamorphosis of Piety in Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart. " (1996) 28 Mar 2007<http: //galenet. galegroup. com/servlet/Lit. RC? loc. ID=miamidade&AD VST 2=NA&srchtp=adv&c=15&stab=512&ASB 2=AND&DT=Criticism_selec t&doc. Num=H 1100019518&ADVSF 1=Things+Fall+Apart&ADVST 1=TW&b. C onts=514&vrsn=3&ASB 1=AND&ste=74&tab=2&tbst=asrch&ADVST 3=NA >. Nlenanya Onwu, Rev. Professor Emmanuel. "Towards an Understanding of Igbo Traditional Religious Life and Philosophy. " The Igbo Network 04 Nov 2002 28 Mar 2007 <http: //ahiajoku. igbonet. com/2002/>. "Things Fall Apart. " Cutom Essay Meister 28 Mar 2007 <http: //www. customessaymeister. com/customessays/Literature/631. htm >.
Modernism Natalie Ferrer Jorge Ramos Katie Acosta Gabriela Guadalupe Claudia Rios Denise Hernandez Michelle Gonzalez Natasha Massiel Johanny Hernendez Anna Period 6 Cambridge English April 17, 2007
Introduction • • Natalie Ferrer - Introduction Jorge Ramos – Changing World Katie Acosta – Expressions of Modernism Gabriela Guadalupe – Cultural Highlights Claudia Rios – Modernism Denise and Michelle – Timeline Natasha and Massiel – Conclusion Johanny and Anna – Metamorphosis
The Changing World Struggles for Power- The century has been defined by its conflicts. In the two world wars , great powers collided in struggles for economic and political domination (Applebee, 1096). In the Cold War, opposite systems fought over supremacy. In the second half of the century, opposition to European rule began to appear throughout Africa and Asia, causing much conflict (1096). Recently, power struggles became closer to home, with terrorism and civil war causing many civilian casualties (1096). Triumphs- and Tragedies- of Science and Technology- The advances in science and technology changed life dramatically. The advances in travel have allowed us to travel faster and farther than ever before (1096). Radio, television, film, computers, cell phones, and the Internet were all invented in the 20 th century. Perhaps the most beneficial achievements of the century have occurred in medicine (1096). There are more medicines out there capable of fighting diseases and extending life. Life-expectancy has increased, especially in developed countries (1096). Yet science and technology have also been put to destructive uses. With biological and chemical weapons killed thousands (1096). The technology of war became even more powerful in the 1940 s with the invention on the atom bomb, the most powerful means of destruction ever created. The need for energy has caused the depletion of natural resources, and pollution in the air, water and soil (1096). We are threatening our environment which is threatening to us.
The Changing World New Ways of Living- In the 20 th century life became faster and more advanced. Industrialization spread around the world (1097). As a result of industrialization, consumer goods became widely available, personal wealth increased, and cities grew rapidly (1097). At the beginning of the century most of the people lived in rural areas, and towards the end of the century more people lived in urban areas. In the cities, new economic opportunities opened, cultures mingled, and new ideas challenged traditional ways of life (1097). People around the world have benefited from all the advances in medicine, science, and agriculture; but the gap between rich and poor is widening and there still are people living in grinding poverty (1097). Global Interdependence- The advances in trade, technology, and communications have made the world a “smaller” place. At the beginning of the century Western countries had more control over the world, with their power and colonies around the world. Recently those colonies have begun to be more interdependent (1097). Former colonies welcome trade from the West while developed countries depend on international markets. As we trade we are creating a global economy. Good and bad things come from this global economy, our cultures can blend and exchange customs, and the downfall of this economy is that some fear that with blending and influence of others that they will lose their native cultures (1097).
The Changing World Democracy and Education- In the 20 th century, democracy and education became more widespread across the world (1097). Citizen participation in government has increased, and now a democratic government can be found on every continent. Men and women can both vote in nearly every country around the world. Also there have been women elected as heads of states, such as Margaret Thatcher and Golda Meir (1097). The 20 th century also witnessed dramatic changes in education (1097). At the beginning of the century, widespread formal education was common only in the West and often limited to elementary levels (1097). Towards the end of the century, almost every country of the world provided free elementary education to their children. There has also been an increase in the number of students receiving a higher education (1097).
Modernism n. Modernism is a literary and artistic movement that developed in the early decades of the 20 th century. n. Modernist shared a belief that their world was extremely different from earlier eras. n. Modernist were said to have felt disconnected from artistic, social, and religious traditions of the past. n. Modernist experimented with a variety of original literary forms which reflected their new world. n. Modernism was a diverse movement across Europe, America, and parts of Africa and Asia.
Modernist defining features. n n The mind as a subject: Modernist explored the depths of the human mind. A stream of consciousness was a new technique in which the jumbled flow of a character's thoughts and feelings presented as it was occurring. This is an example of how the modernist novels focused on the thought processes of a few main characters. Writers such as James Joyce and Virginia Woolf. Innovative Styles and Forms: This is where modern poets left traditional stanza forms for the more natural flow of free verse.
Artist and Writers n Writing was not the only form of modernism. There was modern artist as well. These artist threw away the old conventions or realism. Modern artist such as Pablo Picasso inspired writers to search for new forms of expression.
Anxiety and Alienation n Majority of modernist work, the world is seen to be as a wasteland full of violence and anxiety. An example of this would be a short novel by Joseph Conrad. The main character Kurtz becomes corrupted and leaves society to spend the rest of his life in isolation.
Historical Highlights
Social Change in Europe • The Industrial Revolution of the 19 th century is was set in motion the changes in Europe (Applebee 1104). • There was new inventions, such as street lights and telephones. All of Europe began to industrialize (1104). • And the aristocrats maintained their money but began to lose their power. The middle class began gaining their power as well as wealth (1104).
Continued… • World War I occurred and killed so many men that it frighten Europe. People began losing trust in the leaders and in society (1104). • With the Russian Revolution came the birth of communism which threaten the foundation of capitalism (1104). • In the 20’s even more inventions were made such as the radio. And women gained more rights as they protested in streets for their rights (1104). • But with the unfinished First World War, the 1930’s brought the rise of dictators; Stalin, Hitler, and Mussolini (1104). Women protesting Courtesy of Google Images
Breakdown of Traditional Beliefs Sigmund Freud Courtesy of Google Images • The First World War had started to deteriorate the traditional beliefs of the 19 th century such as “reason, order and obedience” (1104). • It was also intellectual men such as Charles Darwin (On the Origin of Species), Sigmund Freud with his theories of irrational desires in all men, and Albert Einstein and his theory of relativity who “ upset the idea of a well- ordered universe” (1104). • For some this disintegration of tradition was a waste. The others supported it and found freedom in the breakdown of traditional beliefs (1104).
Alienation of the Artist • The Modernists looked for complete breakage from old traditions and wanted to make up their own (1105). • But along with this they also faced “alienation” from society. The manner they expressed at times would convey hostility. So people would have disdain for the modernist, and ridicule that they could not comprehend (1105). • So the writers and artist would get together to star movements. With these movements cam “published manifestos or public statements of their views (1105)
Search for the New… • Poet Ezra Pound came up with the saying “ Make it New!”. Which can be the unanimous proclamation of all the modernists (1105). • But “new” meant shocking and it would not be knew unless it not what the people expected (1105). • Artist like Picasso with his dislocated pieces in his art, musicians like Stravinsky’s clash of sounds, and writers like Virginia Woolfe (1105). The Old Guitarist by: Pablo Picasso Courtesy of Google Images
MODERNISM Claudia Ruiz Period 6 Provided by google images
Those whom are considered modernists are “in love with what is new and provocative. ” (applebee, 1102)Modernism describes the literature, thought, and art of the first half of the 20 th century. Together in groups, they (modernists) would fight against all kinds of traditions and favor innovated works. created movements in art, literature, and philosophy
• Throughout this time many artists rebelled towards the realistic styles. An example of such an artist was Pablo Picasso, he “transformed natural shapes into fragmented geometric forms. ” (1102) • Russian Wasilla Kandinsky, an expressionist painter, expressed emotion on his art by using bold colors as well as distorted shapes Provided by google images; by Wasilin Kndinsky • Sculpture began to portray the human body in unrealistic ways • Even the most ordinary objects were turned to an extraordinary masterpiece Pablo Picasso; courtesy of google images
Movies • Movies define the modern age • Founding filmmakers like American D. W Griffith and Russian Sergei Eisenstein “helped turn popular entertainment into works of art. • Some movies were known as “silent films” The greatest producer was Charlie Chaplin, who was turned into an international star due to his extraordinary silent films Charlie Chaplin; Provided by google images
Americans such as: Alfried Stieglitz, Edward Steichen, and Man Ray are held responsible for the evolution of photography onto an art form. Photographers held exhibitions of their works to profit from bidders, similar to what the painters Edward Steichen Lee, New York, 1928 before them did. vintage silver gelatin print; provided by Yahoo images Man Ray, Le Violin d'Ingres, 1924; provided by yahoo images
Provided by yahoo images • Opposing to traditional styles, like the traditional harmonies and musical scales. • “The Russian composer Igor Stravinsky relied on irregular rhythms and new sound combinations. ” (1103) • Modern dance expressed complex emotions that dancers like Martha Graham developed. • Modern dance reacted against the traditional dance of the 19 th century, ballet. • American Isadora Duncan, expressed her rebellious personality and danced barefoot in a loose tunic
• The new styles of architecture include materials such as glass, steel, and concrete. The architect generally has the use of clean lines, and open interiors. • This modern, international Style was led by the German Walter Gropius and his Brauhaus design school. • One American architect, Frank Lloyd Wright experimented with new materials and designs Top: A picture od Gropius bottom: the Brahuhaus school today Provided by google images
Events in World Literature and Art • 1990 - Austrian doctor Sigmund Freud publishes his theory of the unconscious in The Interpretation of Dreams • 1907 - Pablo Picasso and George Braque start artistic movement called Cubism in Paris • 1913 - Russian composer Igor Stravinsky’s The Rite of Spring marks beginning of modernism In music • 1915 - Franz Kafka publishes “Metamorphosis” • 1916 -1924 - Dadaism, an artistic protest movement, attacks established values and ideas • 1919 - In Germany, Walter Gropius founds influential school of design that produces International Style of functional, boxy architecture • 1920 s- In jazz Age, Europeans dance to rhythms of American Jazz • 1921 - Luigi Pirandello’s innovative play Six Characters in Search of an Author performed • 1922 - James Joyce publishes his novel Ulysses in Paris • C. 1924 -1937 - Influenced by Freud’s ideas, Surrealist painters Max Ernst and Salvador Dali depict odd dreamworlds • 1928 - Frederico Garcia Lorca publishes his popular Gypsy Ballads • 1929 - Virginia Woolf publishes groundbreaking feminist work, A Room of One’s Own • 1930 s- Leopold Senghor and Aime Cesaire found the Negritude Movement The Interpretation of Dreams Courtesy of Google Images
Events in World Literature and Art • • • 1942 - Albert Camus publishes classic novel of alienation, The Stranger 1944 - U. S. composer Aaron Coplland uses folksong melodies and jazz rhythms in Appalachian Spring 1945 - Abstract Expressionism, led by new York artist Jackson Pullock, gains respect of international art world 1948 -1952 - Pablo Neruda exiled from his native Chile for publicly criticizing the president 1948 - Yasunari Kawabata publishes his novel Snow Country 1949 - French writer Simone de Beauvoir publishes The Second Sex, arguing for an end to women’s second class status 1950 s- Theater of the Absurd thrives with works by Samuel Beckett, Eugene Ionesco, and Edward Albee 1956 - French philosospher and writer Jean-Paul Satre explains existentialism in Being and Nothingness 1956 -1957 - Naguib Mahfouz publishes novels in his great Cairo Trilogy 1952 - Pioneering French photojournalist Henri Cariter-Bresson publishes photo collection, The Decisive Moment The Stranger Courtesy of Google Images
• • • Events in World Literature and Art 1958 - Elie Wiesel publishes Night, about his experiences in a Nazi death camp 1962 - Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn publishes One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, based on his experiences in a Soviet prison camp 1963 - Anna Akhmatova publishes her long poem Requiem, a moving account of Stalin’s abuses 1966 - Wole Soyinka’s play Kongi’s Harvest opens the first Festival of Negro Arts I n Dakar, Senegal 1967 - Colombian novelist Gabriel Garcia Marquez publishes his masterpiece of magical realism, One Hundred Years of Solitude 1974 - Nadine Gordimer wins Book Prize fir her novel The Conservationist 1980 s- Wislawa Szymborska writes under a pseudonym for an underground press in Poland 1982 - Isabel Allende publishes her first novel, the House of Spirits 1987 - Octavio Paz publishes hiscollected poems from a 30 -yyear period 1995 - Writer Ken Saro-Wiwa and eight other environmental activists executed by military dictatorship in Nigeria Night Courtesy of Google Images
Franz Kafka publishes Metamorphosis is a book about a traveling salesman named Gregor Samsa who wakes up to find that he has turned into a giant insect. Everyone who looks at him runs in fear, including his family. After some lodgers had stayed at the house and Gergor scared them off, the family agrees that they cannot accept the fact that the ugly insect is their son or brother. He dies that night and a weight is lifted off the family (The Metamorphosis, Sparknotes). This book is open to interpretations and many have been made. Most interpretations discuss the social treatment of those who are unique and different from the norm. Others speak of isolation and what occurs because of it. Some others discuss the book as being existentialist because of the ‘absurdity of human existence’ (The Metamorphosis, Wikipedia). Franz Kafka’s Metamorphosis Courtesy of Wikipedia
Timeline: Events in World History § § § 1903 - In U. S. Wright brothers make first successful airplane flight. 1914 -1918 - World War I between the Allies (Russia, France, Britain, and later U. S. ) and the central powers (Germany and Austria-Hungary) 1917 -1920 - Russian Revolution topples czar and brings in communist government. 1918 - Women over 30 gain right to vote in Britain 1920 - World’s first commercial radio station broadcasts in U. S. 1922 - Benito Mussolini and Fascist Party gain control of Italy 1928 - Scottish doctor Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin 1929 - Stock market crash in New York soon plunges world into Great Depression 1933 - Adolf Hitler and Nazi party come to power in Germany 1937 - Japan invades China 1939 - Hitler invades Poland; France and Britain declare war on Germany, beginning World War II 1941 - Japan bombs U. S. fleet at Pearl Harbor, causing U. S. to enter war
Timeline: Events in World History § § § 1942 - Hitler begins mass extermination of Jews 1945 - Germany surrenders; Europe divided into communist east and capitalist west 1945 - U. S. drops two atomic bombs on Japan, causing Japanese surrender 1947 - Muslim Pakistan splits from Hindu India after independence from Britain, resulting in thousands of deaths 1948 - Mao Zedong leads Communists to victory in Chinese Civil War 1950 -1953 - War in Korea between Communist and UN forces results in division of country 1951 - U. S. engineers invent first commercial digital computer, UNIVAC 1953 - Scientists discover the double helix structure of DNA 1953 - Cold War escalates after U. S. and Soviet Union test the hydrogen bomb 1954 - In Vietnam, French troops surrender to Ho Chi Minh’s Communist forces; country is divided. 1957 - Ghana is first African country to win independence from Britain rule
Timeline: Events in World History § § § § 1959 - Fidel Castro leads Cuban Revolution 1960 - Nigeria wins independence from Britain 1962 - Algeria gains independence from France after years of violent conflict 1965 -1973 - U. S. troops unsuccessfully battle Communist guerillas in South Vietnam 1966 -1979 - Cultural Revolution in China stamps out intellectual and artistic activity 1971 - On International Women’s Day in London, women march for job opportunities and other issues. 1974 - First personal computer introduces in U. S. 1983 - Scientists discover virus that causes Aids 1987 - Palestinians in Israel begin intifida, or uprising, against Israeli rule 1989 - Chinese crackdown of pro-democracy movement in Beijing’s Tiananmen Square 1989 - Demolition of Berlin Wall dividing Germany signals fall communism in Europe 1990 - Beginning of reform in South Africa repeals apartheid laws 2000 - Mexico’s ruling party defeated after 71 years in power; Vicente Fox elected President.
Wright Brothers make first successful airplane flight (1903) 1. The original Wright Flyer of 1903 2. Wilbur and Orville Wright Courtesy of google The Wright brothers started wondering about Planes when there father had bought them a flying toy made of cork and bamboo. From there, Wilbur was reading books about earthbound science of human flights. He became obsessed with the idea that flight was possible, so him and his brother got together and worked on his plans behind their bicycle shop. They discover that a long, narrow wing shape was the ideal architecture of flight. Soon after they realized that they had to built their own engine for the airplane, since it didn’t exist. They made one that produced 12 horsepower and weighed only 152 lbs. The plane they designed “Flyer” finally lifted off and flew 120 ft. Thought it only flew for 12 sec. It changed the world forever. It allowed people to visit places they couldn’t before and see their family from across the world.
Key Concepts • Point of View: – First-person pov: a character in the story narrates what happens in his/her own words. – Third-person pov: a narrator outside the action of the story describes events and characters. – Third-person limited pov: the narrator is “limited” to the thoughts and feelings of only one character.
Explanation / Analyzation of work • Metamorphosis is the most famous work by Franz Kafka. The story begins with Gregor Samsa, who wakes up to find that he has been transformed into a giant bug. (Applebee 11081109) • In the story, Samsa cares a great deal about his job. However, this is not because he enjoys his job, but rather because he needs the money to pay back a large debt that his parents owe to “the chief” (his boss). (Applebee 1110 - 1120)
Continued… • There are several themes present in this work. • Guilt: According to Grade. Saver, guilt is Gregor’s most powerful emotion. He feels guilty that he turned into a giant bug and can no longer support his family, even though it is not his fault. “Guilt, it turns out, is deadly, as Gregor realizes in the end that his life is the only thing keeping the family from a better life. He dies for them just as he lived for them: out of guilt” (Grade. Saver 1)
Continued… • Duty/Loyalty to one’s family: Everything that Gregor does is for his family. He keeps his job, regardless of the fact that he hates it, simply because it’s the best thing for his family. He exceeds the “call of duty. ” However, his family does little for him, only doing what is necessary to say that they fulfilled their duty. (Grade. Saver 1)
Continued… • Alienation: Throughout the story, Gregor feels alienated from everyone and everything. Before his transformation, he was alienated in his job. After his transformation, he was locked up in his room and alienated from the outside world. (Grade. Saver 1) • Economic effects: The only reason his family paid any attention to Gregor was because he was the one who made the money. Since he was unable to continue this after his transformation, the rest of the family had to get jobs, and noticeable differences came with this. It shows that a person has value only if they make the money. (Grade. Saver 1)
Continued… • Personal Identity: Throughout the story, Gregor’s identity seems to be that of caregiver, for he is the one to support his family. However, while being locked up in his room, he begins to think about his identity and to try to interpret it until he realizes that he never had an identity. He did things because it was in others’ best interests, but not because he enjoyed it. He also refuses to accept his bitterness towards his family. At the end of the story, he finally realizes how much he truly cares for his family. This makes his identity. (Grade. Saver 1)
Last, but not least… • Need for freedom: Gregor needs freedom from his job and his family. He is tied to both of them through his sense of duty. “There is no way of balancing out freedom and duty, and in the end one is always a slave. The only means of escape turns out to be death” (Grade. Saver 1).
Questions Pg. 1148 1. What is your reaction to the way the story ends? I was surprised that the story ended that way. I’m sure most people believed that it was going to have some happy ending to it. However, the ending fits the overall theme of the story. 2. For which character do you have the most sympathy? For which character do you have the least sympathy? The character for which I have the most sympathy is Gregor. To live a life of only following family duty and never pursuing your true dreams, not to mention being turned into a giant insect, really makes me pity him. He had no life in the sense that he did not live his life for him, but rather for those around him. The character, or rather characters, that I have the least sympathy for would be the mother and father. I see no reason why they could not go out and get themselves jobs instead of making Gregor support them and his sister. 3. Consider the ways in which Gregor and the other members of his family respond to his transformation. What do you learn about each of these characters as a result of his/her response? You learn that the family only values Gregor because of the income that he brings in to support his family. You also learn that Gregor doesn’t care much for his life because he realizes that his family only cares about his money and not necessarily his well being. One also learns that his sister is the one that is closest to him from the family, but that’s only because she’d be receiving a personal gain from his income.
Questions Continued… 4. Compare the problems of Gregor’s life as an insect to his problems before his change. Are his problems as an insect completely different from his earlier problems? Explain. His problems as an insect are not completely different from his earlier problems because he was still being ignore. Before his transformation, his family continuously ignored him, only paying attention to him when they needed money. After his transformation, the fact that he could no longer caused them to ignore him to a whole new level. They would barely speak to him and pretended he didn’t exist. The only time they came within close proximity of him was to give him food, and then they would walk away. 5. Why do you think Kafka chose to have Gregor transformed into an insect instead of another type of creature? Think about the characteristics of this bug, and how others react to it I believe Kafka chose to have Gregor transformed into an insect instead of another type of creature because insects are barely paid any attention. Most people tend to ignore insects and never stop to think that they are living things too. The only time most people pay any attention to insects is when they want to kill them or use them as bait for something else, which is kind of what they did to Gregor.
Questions Continued… 6. When this story was published in book form, Kafka insisted that “the insect itself cannot be drawn. ” What do you think were Kafka’s reasons? I believe Kafka’s reason fro saying “the insect itself cannot be drawn” is because one cannot draw something that is meant to be so completely insignificant in the story. If Gregor is not nearly as important as to be paid any attention to in the story, why would one make him important enough to draw him? 7. Many other stories and films are about the transformation of a human being into another creature. Why do you think people find such stories interesting? People find such stories interesting because it’s a wonderful thought; that of being able to change one’s form. To possibly change from a human into some other creature is a magnificent thought. Throughout history, people have been pretending to be something their not. With a transformation they can be something they were not naturally meant to be. Stories like these give people visions of a different kind of world; a world where one can start all over again as another creature and be unrecognizable.
Conclusion to “The Changing World”: • In the struggles for power the century had been defined by conflicts. In the two wars, people fought for political and economic domination. Triumphs and Tragedies of Science and Technology: • Science and technology changed the world. Technology had allowed us to move further along and help people out especially when it’s about medicine. Although technology and science have lead to destruction in some cases when you mention wars or fights. The New Ways of Living: • In the 20 th century, life became faster because of industrialization. Since industrialization began in the rest of the world. Cities grew rapidly in urban and rural areas. Other cultures began and new ways of life started forming. Global Interdependence: • The world had become “smaller” because of advances in trade and technology. West colonies depend on international markets. Democracy and Education: • It had been more widespread around the world. Democratic governments were made all over the country. All of this occurred around the 20 th century.
Conclusion l l Modernism is a literary artistic movement. Modernist shared different beliefs. They felt disconnected from traditions of the past. Modernism explored the depths of human minds. It was a technique that jumbled flow of a characters thoughts and feelings. There were modern artist as well like Pablo Picasso that inspired writers to search for new forms of expression. The world was viewed upon as a wasteland of violence and anxiety.
Conclusion Book about traveling salesman. Who wakes up to find that he has turned into a giant insects. Everyone that sees him runs in fear and he dies that night and the weight is lifted off the family. l Interpretations of the book had been made about the social treatment of those who are unique and different from normal. l
Conclusion o The Industrial Revolution sparked the change in Europe. In addition to that, o o o inventions were made. During World War I, many peopled were killed and people began losing trust in their leaders. In the Russian Revolution, communism threatened capitalism. The first war brought in dictators such as Adolf Hitler, Stalin, etc. . The first world war deteriorated traditional beliefs, but people such as Charles Darwin, and Sigmund Freud, were said to have upset the idea of a well ordered universe. Artist faced alienation from society, and the things they drew would sometimes convey hostility.
In Conclusion… Conclusion to “Modernism” • Modernism describes the literature, thought, and art of the first half of the 20 th century. • They were many different realistic styles to the way art was expressed. – Pablo Picasso “transformed natural shapes into fragmented geometric forms. ” (1102) – Wasilla Kandinsky used bold colors and distorted shapes • Movies also changed by define the modern age like silent films. • Photography was revolutionized into an art form • People now expressed their emotions also through art and dance • There were new styles of agriculture by using new materials (glass, concrete, steel). Natasha Muniz
In Conclusion… Conclusion to “Timeline: Events in World History” • During this time in history, the World Wars were occurring, but then Germany surrenders; Europe divided into communist east and capitalist west • Fidel Castro leads Cuban Revolution • The Wright Brothers made the first successful airplane flight Natasha Muniz
In Conclusion… Conclusion to “Metamorphosis” • Metamorphosis is the most famous work by Franz Kafka. • It is a story about a man that needs money for his family, but he does not enjoy the job he has • The major themes in this story include: – guilt (he turned into a giant bug and can no longer support his family) – duty to ones family (he hates his job but its for his family) – Alienation (he feels alienated from everyone) – Personal Identity ( he realizes he did things for the others best interest, but he has never enjoyed his job) – The Need for Freedom (needs freedom for his job and family) Natasha Muniz
Work Cited Applebee, Arthur N. , et al. The Language of Literature. Evanston, IL: Mc. Dougal Littell Inc. , 2003.
Works Cited Applebee, Arthur N. , et al. The Language of Literature. Evanston, IL: Mc. Dougal Little Inc. , 2003. Photo of Sigmund Freud http: //aeiou. iicm. tugraz. at/aeiou. encyclop. data. image. f/f 782426 a. jpg Painting of “ The Old Guitarist” http: //content. answers. com/main/content/wp/en/thumb/e/e 4/225 px. Old_Guitarist_Picasso. jpg Photo of Women protesting http: //www. peacebuttons. info/E- News/images/Votesfor. Women. jpg
Citation • Applebee, The language of Literature. boston: Mc. Dougal Littel , • Schreibman , Vigdor. "Global Inheritance. " Aug 2003). 11 Apr 2007 <http: //sunsite. utk. edu/FINS/Global_Inheritance/F ins-GI-01. htm>. • "The History of Art Education Time Line 19301939. " 11 Apr 2007 <http: //www. personal. psu. edu/faculty/m/a/mas 53/t imln 930. html>.
Works Cited http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/The_Metamorphosis http: //www. sparknotes. com/lit/metamorph/ www. google. com/images
Work Cited Applebee, Arthur N. , et al. The Language of Literature. Evanston, IL: Mc. Dougal Littell Inc. , 2003.
Metamorphosis By: Anabell Bernot Written by: Franz Kafka
Who’s the Main Character? /Comp exp. o o Gregor Samsa is a worried commercial traveler that spends his time drowned in exhausting business work while trying to put up with his boss and support his low class family at the same time (Kafka 1110) He awakes one morning shocked to find he has turned into a huge, repulsive insect wriggling about in his bed sheets. (111 O) Courtesy of Yahoo Images
Comprehensive and detailed expalnation § Gregor tries to go back to sleep but finds himself uncomfortable with his new body(1110). Gregor sees that he no longer have his usual life style as he was when he was human. He tries not to face the problem by giving up sleep and forgetting, showing his moral character of how he faces situations and trying to get back out. § He thinks that if he could just give his boss a piece of his mind, because of the money his parents have to pay back to him he cant and his boss is almost deaf(1112) § After the family sees that Gregor is not getting up they start knocking on the door and Gregor says he no longer has his normal voice because “a severe chill…commercial travelers”(1113). We can see that Gregor is in denial in accepting and fully believing what is happening to him because of his worries of putting up with demanding people.
Continuation… n Awhile later the chief clerk and the parents torment him by asking him to get the train to work. His sister starts to cry because Gregor is not going to work and is worried of the debts they have to pay(1115). We can see by these two events that his work life and home life are ruled by demanding people that need him to work for them and what Gregor has to deal with. The problem with his sister foreshadows the conflicts that will arise with his family, especially his sister representing the change of the family's feelings and thoughts.
Continuation… n Gregor finds himself in his bedroom but starts to accept his current conditions of the annoying buzz he makes but “felt himself drawn once more to the human circle and hoped for remarkable results”. He recovers from his dad pushing him inside the room violently because of his gruesome appearance and commotion starts(117 -1121) By his dad pushing him this illustrates the demanding figure of a chief in Gregor’s life and how he is literally “pushed around. " We also see how he does not want to let go of his human past. Courtesy of Yahoo Images
Continuation § The family’s financial problem get worse and Gregor worries how his child sister is going to get to the Conservatorium with such little money. His family starts working for the first time and stop living off Gregor(11126 -1127). This shows that the family criticizes Gregor and what he does constantly throughout the book but they were to dependent of him to have their own job. The reader can see that “being a hypocrite” plays a big role in this story. Courtesy of Yahoo Images
Cont. n Courtesy of Yahoo Images One day Gregor’s mother visits him and his sister decides to get rid of Gregor’s furniture so he can have space to crawl around but his mother thinks that will deprive him from his human background. Still, she does not stand in the way and they begin their cruel task. Afterwards Gregor’s father comes home raging mad when he finds out his wife is ill from seeing Gregor’s repulsive appearance and bombards him with apples attempting to kill Gregor(1130 -1135). These scenes represent the verge of life and death. The furniture is a symbolism of his past and life as a human and when his father attempts to kill him and Gregor ends up with serious injury this shows that now since Gregor does not work and is a vermin he serves no purpose for the family.
CONT. The days past and Gregors room stays uncared for by his sister and the maid because they ignore his filthy room and his sister stops her daily visits and meals she gives him. Their attention is now to three greedy lodgers and all their needs and commands when they’re own son is thrown to the forgotten 1138 -1141). Gregor is caught between two worlds of the busy “getting ran over” human life by his bosses and colleagues and his insect life of neglect from his family. Also, the lodgers receive attention and Gregor does not because they are humans and are paying the Samsa family, and Gregor who is a vermin and does not work is abandoned. Courtesy of Yahoo Images
Cont His sister starts to play for the greedy lodgers and Gregor wants to show his affection for her because he knows they cannot appreciate her music like him and he peaks his head in the living room and receives and un-warm welcome from the people present. The lodgers insult the family and leave the house. The Samsa family gets very irritated and his sister Grete condemns him to death turning the family against him saying that if that was Gregor he would have left to not cause them pain and hard work(1142 -1143). The family does not see Gregor’s act of kindness instead they trust the lodgers that is not even there own blood because they are human and are paying the family. Courtesy of Yahoo Images
Cont. • When Gregor finally dies the Samsa family start to pity him and when the lodgers come to give their apologies they turn back on them and decide to take the day off and celebrate by taking about Grete getting a future husband. After Gregor dies, the family realizes that they don’t need the lodgers and they are happy and guilty free even though they killed their own son because they believed Gregor dies
Other people’s happiness is unfair sometimes. Courtesy of Yahoo Images
About Mr. Franz Kafka ►Courtesy of Yahoo Images n n Kafka was born in a German speaking family (July 3, 1883 -June 3, 1924) were he had to struggle writing in his German heritage and opposing Jewish religion. Ref: (1137 -1138) Kafka always had to struggle with two opposite forces. Going back to work would be dealing with strangers that he hoped would vanish and staying in the house as a beetle would be receiving neglect from his family. Kafka always had problems with his overly aggressive demanding father. Comfort and understanding would lack between the two men. Ref: (1121) His father tries to push him back in his room and not accept his appearance or actions. His mother would always help his father in work. Ref: Mother encourages dad by getting him out of the chair and leaving her needle work to help him.
Cont. § Studied at Charles University of Prague but after two weeks he switched his major to law. Ref: (1112) Shows indecision for what he does and weakness which is what turns him into a insect. His excuses of not giving the chief a piece of his mind and he feels pressure from his job. § Was very unhappy with the work hours in the Italian insurance company he worked in because he could not concentrate on his writing. Ref: (1138)We can see the unhappiness of going to work because of his chief, traveling and exhaustion, and the other arrogant commercial travelers. § In 1917 and the rest of his life he suffered with tuberculosis and was supported by his sister Ottla and feared being repulsive to her. Ref: (1124 -1125) Grete feeds him and takes care of him but finds him repulsive and at the end abandons him. Courtesy of Google Images
Cont. Kafka suffered from clinical depression and social anxiety all his life and was haunted my constant migraines, insomnia, and stress strains. He had large sums of unpasteurized milk that led to his tuberculosis. Ref: (1138 -1139)His sister brings him milk which is his favorite but because of his condition does not favor it anymore. His depression can be seen by the neglect of his family and stress at work causing him exhaustion. (1110) n His death was because of starvation for the reason that his throat would not allow him to eat. Ref: (1140)The same fate that Gregor has in Metamorphosis when the lodgers receive more food than him and his family starves him. n An apparent theme in his books are the feeling of impotence and weakness Ref: (11201121) the conflict between his chief and father where he lets himself be pushed around • + literally, always having an excuse for why he did not stand up to them. n n. Courtesy of Google Images
Samsa and Samsara: Suffering, Death, and Rebirth in the Metamorphosis/Michael P. Ryan This article talks about the symbolism behind the story such as the mom representing rebirth, how the father represents neglect and suicide and how Grete also symolizes both betrayal and rebirth. This is crucial to my essay because understanding the hidden meanings makes the reader have a clearer understanding of the meanings in the book. The author supports his ideas by givng quotes from the books such as when his mom spills cofee it represents rebirth for Gregor (Kafka 1137) and when Grete “stretches her young body out" (1188) The Metamorphosis: Overview Susanne Klingstein This interests me because in parts one two and three of the story Klingstein explains how Gregor’s relationship with his family changes in his transformation. In the first part he discovers the reaction of the family to the transformation, the second part explains how they live with him as a roach and the third part ishow the family turns against him. She supports her ideas by using all the examples from the text mentioned. The Metamorphosis: Overview John Hibberd This caught my attention because it talks about how Gregor feels when his family betrays him, neglect him, and then have no hope for him. Gregor’s rejection starts of with his family not accepting him. The Hibberd supports this by describing how they find happiness when he dies. He also explains how his family does not confide in him financial because he is a bug and how they put themselves above Gregor. This is supported with the fact Grete gains responsibility and trust. His self esteem is rotted away by his family and the lodgers when he knows nobody loves Grete’s music. n
Critical Essay on “The Metamorphosis” Sheldon Gold Farth The main idea of this article is how Gregor’s transformation changes his working life in a cruel society to being neglected by his family. This is supported by a chronological summary of the three parts. This was of my interest because it explains more symbolism in the story that is not evident and introduces you to basic conflicts in the story and explains them to help me further my research. Franz Kafka Overview A. P Foulkos This criticism introduces the author and his particular style of writing. It also explains how Kafka uses philosophy, theology, and psychoanalysis. Foulkos supports his arguments by giving brief sentences or quotes in Metamorphosis to capture the pattern of Kafka’s writing style with deep personal meanings and events he relates to the book. This interested me because I wanted to be familiarized with his writing style so I can learn how the writer uses certain expressions and I could understand more the significance of events.
Franz Kafka: Overview Brian w. Aldiss n Aldiss makes the point that Kafka has a wide topic of science fiction and how Kafka’s characters are trapped in a world of no escape and abnormalities. This is supported by saying that his work has religious meaning and spontinuity. I found this intresting to see the point of view Kafka writes in and what aspects he puts in them that make them what they are. He interpets his life through a story and the story, like a mirror bounces it back.
Outline Metamorphosis : The Crucial Role of the Samsa Family Thesis statement: The particular role of the Samsa family in the Metamorphosis is crucial because it reveals the nature of Gregor’s family and makes Gregor realize his emotions because of his family’s actions, yielding the story’s main moral of the importance of “family support”. First, we can see how Kafka shows the three different phases through which the Samsa’s family treatment of Gregor changes for the worse throughout the story, revealing their uncaring nature. n n • In part one, the Samsa family does not worry about Gregor’s problems for the sake of his health or personal life, but for the economic struggles they face if Gregor does not work. n n n Gregor’s family waits patiently for Gregor outside his door because he is not appearing to go to work. His sister sheds tears for Gregor, However once the boss gets to Gregor’s house, his sister quickly disappears fully dressed. Gregor notices that his mother is worried if he does not catch the train because he will not get his daily salary.
Ouline • In the second part of the story Gregor’s family has to learn how to live with a repulsive insect. n n n • Gregor completes the transformation from human to insect when his family makes a united decision to condemn him to death by their neglect and inhumanity. His family starves Gregor, and instead of giving Gregor attention they starve him by giving all their food to the three gready lodgers boarding at his family’s house (Klingstein 2). n Then, the family does not consider Gregor a part of the family; instead they believe he died the second he turned into an insect. His sister Grete betrays him and with her rejection Gregor goes back to his isolated room and dies n n Gregor’s mom and sister change Gregor’s room to a living space no longer suitable for a human. Being, Gregor’s dad bombards him with apples, attempting to put limit the insect’s domain he throws him in his room, labeling it as “outside of the family, ” Gregor, with his father’s actions, gets seriously wounded and ends up confided in his empty white habitat the family has formed him.
Outline Cont. n • Gregor notices his own feelings when he sees the evident patterns that his family is committing by neglecting him. Gregor notices that his family’s financial problems are getting harder to deal without him working. n His mom starts to sow underwear for the poor and his dad starts getting breakfast for the clerks at work having no time to even speak about Gregor. n Gregor finds out the family wants to move but they find it difficult because of Gregor, but he knows that they would not care less if they had to shove him in a suitable box with air holes in it. n After this incident, it leads to his room being covered in filth, and neither the charwomen nor his sister take care of it no matter how obvious the mess is. • When the three lodgers boarded the Samsa house all their filthy objects went into Gregor’s room. n In this case, Gregor feels deeply neglected because he sees the amount of food his mother and sister are serving the lodgers. n He knew that he who was a brother and a son should deserve food from his family. n He cannot take the fact that he is dying of hunger, and he realizes that the treatment his family is giving him is not worth for a family member. • In the final scene, Gregor is condemned to death by his sister and family. He shows his face in the living room to express sympathy for his sister. n He knows that the lodgers could not appreciate his sister’s music like he does. n For this purpose, Gregor ends up being rejected by his family and sister all together. n In the story, this shows that in this point he stops being treated like a Samsa because he can no longer support the family and stays “alone and helpless in his current state” (Wikepedia The Metamorphosis
Cont. n • The symbolism of each family member is crucial to understanding and interpreting Gregor’s Metamorphosis. According to Michael P. Ryan, Gregor’s father symbolizes the author of punishment. n n n • This is so because Gregor’s father bombards him with apples and limits his space by shoving him into his room with a stick. The apple thrown by Gregor’s father represents Gregor’s desire for life. When the apple slowly rots away Gregor’s desire for life fades away and leads him to death. Likewise, Gregor’s mother symbolizes rebirth for Gregor in the first part of the story and the third part of the story. n n n In the first part of the story when Gregor’s mom pours the coffee and Gregor snaps his jaws suddenly, this symbolizes rebirth for Gregor. The flowing coffee is important to the beginning of Gregor’s Metamorphosis because it marks the beginning his transformation. Also, when Gregor is weakest in the third part of the story his mother tightly presses her legs and this is a symbol that death is near for Gregor.
Cont. • His sister symbolizes betrayel by first caring for him like no else could, and ends up abandoning him and betraying him. Gregor’s sister turns the Samsa family against Gregor by convincing them that he died the moment he turned into an insect. n This rejection turns Gregor’s efforts into a waste and dies with loving memories. Concluding Statement: In Conclusion, the roles led by the Samsa family are very important in Franz Kafka’s Metamorphosis because we can understand the initial nature of the family, in sync with Gregor’s Metamorphosis n
Questions Knowledge: What is the drink that Gregor rejects once he turns into an insect? ► Comprehension: Why do you think that Grete stops cleaning Gregor’s room and stops feeding him? ► Application: If you turned into a giant insect, how would you react if your family neglected you? ► Analysis: What are the reasons that Gregor turns into a bug? ► Synthesis: If Gregor stood up to his dad while being an insect, what do you think would have been the outcome? ► Evaluation: Do you think that Gregor turning into an insect was a good or bad thing? ►
Work Cited n Applebee, Bermudez et al. The Language n n Of Literature. Illinois: Mc. Dougal Littell, 2003 Literature Recourse Center. Gale Group Databases. G. Holmes Braddock Library, Miami, Fl. 22 March 2007. <http. : //www. galenet. galegroup. com>. “Franz Kafka” Wikipedia. Franz Kafka. 1993. Grolier Incorporated. 23 March. 2007 <http. : //www. levity. com> Constructing Franz Kafka. 1996. German Department of the University of Pittsburg. 23 March. 2007 <http. : //www. pitt. edu. com>
Cont. Franz Kafka. 2002. Books and Writers. 23 March. 2007 <http. : //www. kirjasto. sci. fi> n Google Images n Yahoo Images n
FCAT Writes… Wednesday Many students acknowledge a nearsidedness or limited understanding when it comes to their own prejudices (preconceived judgments/opinions). Think about one area in which you’ve struggled with your own prejudices. Now write to explain how you could become more tolerant in this area.
I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings By: Maya Angelou Gaby Guadalupe 4/18/07 Cambridge English Period 6
Maya Angelou • Was born April 4, 1928 in St. Louis, Missouri. • When she was three years old her parents divorced sending her and her brother Bailey with their grandmother. • They lived their early childhood in Stamps, Arizona. • Her grandmother owned the Store, where she witness several accounts of racism and lynching mobs.
• She recalls several moments of segregation. One • • from a white dentist who said he’d prefer putting his hands in a dog’s mouth than hers. When she turns eight her father came and took her to live with their mother. Whose boyfriend raped and molested her. After his trail he was released and was viciously killed by some of her family members. She spent years in silence until she returned to Stamps, and taken to Mrs. Flowers who helps her talk again by reciting poems and literature. She then returns with her mother in San Francisco and spent the summer with her father. His girlfriend mistreated her and cut her in one of their fights.
• She runs off and joins some junkyard teenagers. She returns to San Francisco and has her child in her teens. • We can see that most of Angelou’s life was one of segregation from white people. • She has since then written numerous pieces and received several awards, including a Pulitzer award. And honorable doctorates without a college education. And recited her poem “ On the Pulse in the Morning” at Bill Clinton’s inauguration, becoming the second poet ever to do so. • Her autobiography “ I Know why the Caged Bird Sings” has had most popularity and had most influence on her poem which is a reflection of her early years of life.
Vocabulary • Seldom- rarely; infrequently; not often • Trill- to sing or play with a vibratory or quavering effect • Trade winds- any of the nearly constant easterly winds that dominate most of the tropics and subtropics throughout the world, blowing mainly from the northeast in the Northern Hemisphere, and from the southeast in the Southern Hemisphere. • Stalks- To walk with a stiff, haughty, or angry gait
First Stanza The free bird leaps On the back of the win And floats downstream Till the current ends And dips his wings In the orange sun rays And dares to claim the sky
Analysis • with imagery Maya depicts a picture of a “free bird”. She emphasizes the freedom of the free bird. • In the poem, the free bird is a representative of a “ white person” who has unlimited freedom in the social world. • “dares to claim the sky” ( Angelou, stanza 1 line 7) shows that the bird views its space almost like a playground and can portray the bird is unappreciative of its freedom.
Second Stanza But a bird that stalks Down his narrow cage Can seldom see through His bars of rage His wings are clipped and His feet are tied So he opens his throat to sing.
Analysis • This stanza speaks of another bird, who seems to be caged. • In this case Maya is portraying the caged bird as a” black person” and its restraint in the segregated world of the 20 th century. • She compares the caged bird to the free bird. • She shows how the caged bird is completely caged in “his bars of rage… his wings are clipped and his feed are tied” (stanza 3 line 4 -6) This gives off a feeling of being trapped or limited inside the cage. • And all it could do is hope for freedom ( stanza 3 line 4 -7). So when “ he opens his throat to sing” (stanza 2 line 7) it is a cry of hope.
Third Stanza The caged bird sings With fearful trill Of the things unknown But longed for still And is tune is heard On the distant hill for the caged bird sings of freedom
Analysis • This stanza still speaks of the caged bird. In the second line through fourth line it show that the bird “sings of the things unknown but longed for still”. It shows that the bird hope to reach freedom (stanza 3 line 2 -4). • Even though it is something unknown it has faith it will be better than its captivity. • Angelou even expresses this in the refrains of the poem. The rhyme is “ trill, still, hill, freedom”. The word “freedom” is way off the rhyme scheme, showing that the bird can break away from the cage and obtain freedom.
Fourth Stanza The free bird thinks of another breeze And the trade wings soft through the sighing trees And the fat worms waiting on a dawn-bright lawn And he names the sky his own.
Analysis • Angelou continues to compare the free and caged bird. • But now we can see the hopeful sprit of the caged bird and portrays the free bird as an ingrate, and even though it has unlimited freedom it “names the sky its own” ( stanza 4 line 4). And does not worry about its future. • “ the free bird thinks of… the fat worms waiting on a dawn- bright lawn” (stanza 4 line 3) it shows that the free bird expects everything to fall into place and the world inclining to its every want. It shows the bird is selfish and feels superior.
Fifth Stanza But a caged bird stands on the grave of dreams His shadow shouts on a nightmare scream His wings are clipped and his feet are tied So he opens his throat to sing
Analysis • Maya uses repetition and imagery to emphasize that the caged bird remains hopeful in opposition of his circumstance. • Even though he “stands on the grave of dreams and his shadow shouts in a nightmare scream” ( stanza 5 lines 12) he “opens his throat to sing” (stanza 5 line 4)
Sixth Stanza The caged bird sings With a fearful trill Of things unknown But longed for still And his tune is heard On the distant hill For the caged bird Sings of freedom
Analysis • Maya exits the poem on a high note. • She once again uses repetition to portray the hope of the free bird. • And shows hope for change in society by saying “ his tune is heard on the distant hill” ( stanza 6 line 6 -7). • The caged bird’s song of hope, freedom, and equality is heard.
Themes • • Freedom Equality Justice Hope Segregation Faith Ungratefulness Superiority
Critics Kirkus Reviews state how her book enlarges on themes from her poetry, “ The music of these lines is continued throughout the poem, indeed Angelou’s use of the refrain often serves to break up a poem when the tension grows overwhelming. . ” Annie Gottlieb states how Maya’s book show black’s do not hide from oppression, “Their blackness is not used to hide their familiar but vulnerable humanity anymore than their blackness- or their oppression. ”
One author of “The Dictionary of Literary Biography” says that Angelou, “For she is forever impelled by the restlessness for change and new realms to conquer that is the essence of the creative artist, and of exemplary Americans lives, white and black. ” Another author of “The Dictionary of Literary Biography” talks of the viewpoints of Maya’s poems, “ Other poems deal with social issues and problems which through not unique to blacks are explored from a black perspective. ”
“The Dictionary of Literary Biography” says, “ Much of Angelou’s poetry almost entirely short lyrics, expresses in strong, often jazzy rhythms themes common to the life experiences of many American blacksdiscrimination, exploitation, being on welfare. ” “The Dictionary of Literary” states, “So poems extol the survivors, those whose black pride enables them to prevail over the otherwise demeaning circumstances of their existence”
Outline • • Caged Bird: • The Reason Why the Caged Bird Sings Thesis Statement: “Caged Bird” is a poem which Maya Angelou resembles the world of segregation using the free and caged bird as representatives. Throughout her poem, she portrays the caged bird as blacks, the free bird as whites, and overall demonstrates the major theme of segregation using figurative language. Angelou portrays blacks through the caged bird • The caged bird represents the blacks’ hopeful and strong beliefs for their right of liberty. Even with constant undermining and discrimination placed upon them, they still had their voices. – “He can seldom see through—his bars of rage—his wings are clipped and—his feet are tied” (Angelou stanza 2). This phrase shows the limitation and physical impossibility of the caged bird escaping the cage. –. In this poem Angelou, “extols the survivors, those whose black hope enables them to prevail over otherwise demeaning circumstances of their existence” (The Dictionary of Literary Criticism). This depicts the “bird’s” song of hope and faith despite its limitations – In the third stanza, the bird “sings of things unknown but longed for still”. The bird has never had freedom nor experienced it. Yet it has hope, that what awaits him outside of the cage will lead to freedom The caged bird represents the blacks’ hopeful and strong beliefs for their right of liberty. Even with constant undermining and discrimination placed upon them, they still had their voices. Angelou portrays the whites through the free bird • The bird’s selfish expectations and insatiate want for freedom only reflects how the whites felt they had a higher ranking over the blacks; and were granted greater freedom and preference in society. – The free bird “leaps on the back of the win—and floats downstream—till the current ends—and dips his wings—in the orange sun rays” ( stanza 1). The bird is illustrated as with unlimited freedom – The Dictionary of Literary Criticism states that Maya’s poems “…deal with the social issues and problems which though not unique to blacks, are explored from a black perspective. ” In Maya’s eyes the bird is ungrateful. –. And in stanza 4, the bird thinks of having “fat worms waiting. . . for him on a “dawn bright lawn”.
• Maya Angelou demonstrates the elements of the world of segregation by using literary elements, such as imagery, repetition, refrains, and metaphors. • . In order to emphasize on the free bird’s selfishness she repeats the line “dares to claim the sky” in the first and fourth stanza. She also repeats “his wings are clipped and his feet are tied” (stanza 2) and” with fearful trill of things unknown” (stanza 3) to highlight the fear and restrain on the caged bird. And also repeats “so he opens his throat to sing” (stanza 2) and “his tune is heard-- on the distant hillfor the caged bird-- sings of freedom” (stanza 3 • The music of these lines is continued throughout the poem; indeed Angelou’s use of the refrain often serves to the break up the poem when the tension grows overwhelming…” (Kirkus Reviews) The refrain in the third stanza, “trill, still, hill, and freedom” is broken by the word freedom; which calls attention to that the caged bird can break free from the cage and being boxed in. – • • • C. “Bars of Rage” and “Narrow cage” (stanza 2) are metaphors which can be interpreted as the custody of black slaves throughout history. It still portrays the imprisonment of the black’s liberty during the 20 th century. Concluding Statement: In conclusion, the poem is written in a segregated point of view. Angelou constantly compares the caged bird and free bird. This translates to comparing the black and white people during the time of segregation in the United States. She does this with her diction and figurative language. As a result, Angelou displays segregation as the poem’s main theme.
Bloom Taxonomy Questions Knowledge: 1. What is the meaning of “ so he opens his throat to sing? 2. Who does the caged bird represent? The free bird? Comprehension: 3. What was the main theme in the poem? Support your answer. Application: 4. Do you know of another instance when a minority group has been discriminated in the United States? Analysis: 5. What were the underlining themes of the poem? Synthesis 6. What would happen if Maya Angelou did not experience discrimination and segregation first hand? Would the inspiration for her poem be the same? Evaluation 7. How would you feel as a “caged bird”? 8. What do you think about segregation?
Works Cited • Angelou, Maya I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. • http: //www. poemhunter. com/p/m/poem. a sp? poet=6834&poem=33060 • Annie Gottilieb in the New York Times Book Renew (1974 by the New York Times • Company) June 16, 1974 • Dictionary of Literary Biography Copyright 1985 Gale Research Company • manufactured- Edward Bros. Inc • Kirkus Review (Copyright 1978 the Kirkus Service Inc), October 1, 1978
Class Response… Friday Recall the events in the selection "Professions for Women. " Then answer each question in one or two sentences. 1. When Woolf talks about killing the Angel in the House, what does she mean? Recall the events in the story "Eveline. " Then answer each question in one or two sentences. 1. At the beginning of the story, what is Eveline planning to do? 2. As the story continues, what kinds of doubts does Eveline express about her plan? 3. At the end of the story, what does Eveline decide to do?
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