MAVEN Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative December 06 2006

MAVEN Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative December 06, 2006 Adam Cowling, Jason Forshaw Stephanie Goellner, Chris Inzana Laura Jones, Tony Pane, Jason Small

Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative • • Table of Contents Motivations for Exploring Mars Characteristics of Mars Influential Missions Mission Parameters Team MAVEN System Architecture System Synthesis Table of Contents

Motivations: Reasons for humans to explore another planet

Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative • • Why Explore Mars? Technological Advancement Celestial Understanding Search for Life Political Motivations [A] Motivations

Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative Advancing Technology [B] • Space technology ♂ Advances our capacity to explore the galaxy • Life support technology ♂ Learn how to live in hostile environments • Spin-off technology ♂ Benefits beyond space because of new engineering capabilities [C] Motivations

Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative Celestial Understanding • Origin of the solar system / planets • The future of Earth ♂ Mars and Earth may have had similar pasts • Comparative sciences [D] Motivations

Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative Search for Life [E] • Mars was once teeming with water [I] ♂ Necessary for life as we know it ♂ Potential for past or present life on Mars • Profound scientific and philosophical implications [F] [G] Motivations

Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative Political Motivations • A successful manned Martian mission would increase national prestige • Promotes international cooperation • Encourages a global perspective on Earthly affairs [H] Motivations

Mars, the Red Planet: What we can expect to find on Mars

Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative Mars and Earth Compared Mars Characteristics (% Earth) [AA] Earth Day: 24: 00 hours Radius……………. 53% Mass……………. . 11% Surface Gravity…………… 38% Atmospheric Pressure……… 1% Density……………. 71% Sunlight Received………… 44% [AA] Day 1. 025 Year Mars Day: 24: 38 hours Mars Characteristics

Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative Temperature Comparison Earth Surface Temperature: Mean: 15°C (59°F) Maximum: 58°C (136°F) Minimum: -89°C (-128°F) [AA] Mars Surface Temperature: Mean: -63°C (-81. 4°F) Maximum: 27°C (80°F) Minimum: -133°C (-207°F) Mars Characteristics

Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative [AB] Atmospheric Properties [AC] Mars Characteristics

Influential Space Missions: What we’ve learned and how they’ll help us

Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative Human Space Missions: ISS • Increase knowledge of long-term space life • Physical well being [BA] • Mental well being • Supplies required • Necessary procedures [BB] Influential Missions

Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative Human Space Missions: Apollo [BC] • Extra-Vehicular Activity [BD] • Beyond Earth’s magnetosphere • Surface Ascent and Descent [BE] Influential Missions

Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative Mars Orbiters • Mars orbit insertion (Aerobraking) • Characterize climate & geology • Communication relay satellites for landers & rovers • Examples: [BF] Mars Global Surveyor [BG] Mars Odyssey [BH] Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Influential Missions

Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative Mars Landers [BI] • Atmospheric entry & descent • Methods for landing (Airbag system) • Climate & geology characterization • Examples: [BJ] Sojourner Rover (Pathfinder) [BK] [BL] Rover Spirit Rover Opportunity Influential Missions

Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative Mars Sample Return • Concepts for ascent from Martian surface ♂ In-situ propellant generation [BM] [BN] • Earth-Mars contamination issues ♂ Scientific integrity of data ♂ Public concern [BO] Influential Missions

Mission Parameters: The AIAA requirements for a Mars mission

Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative AIAA Competition • Undergraduate Team Space Transportation Design Competition through AIAA • Product: 100 page report • Top prize: $2500 • Deadlines include: [CA] Letter of Intent — 17 March 2007 Proposal Delivered to AIAA — 15 June 2007 Announcement of Winners — August 2007 Mission Parameters

Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative • • • Mission Timeline Launch by 2029 Proceed from LEO to land on Mars Live on Mars for 18 months Return to Earth One manned mission every 2 years [CB] [CC] Mission Parameters

Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative Crew, Payload, and Mission Details • Crew of 4 people • A minimum of 500 kg • A minimum return of 100 kg payload • 17 subsystems [CD] Mission Parameters

Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative EVA Capability • EVA for a minimum of 2 people • May include: ♂ Soil sample collection ♂ Atmospheric data collection ♂ Terrain photography ♂ Equipment repair ♂ Crew transport [CE] Mission Parameters

Team MAVEN: Our team organization and structure

Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative T Mission Statement he mission of MAVEN is to advance space technology and to improve humanity’s understanding of the solar system through the long-term, manned exploration of the Martian environment with intent to expand the human domain and promote global synergy. Team MAVEN

Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative Mission Patch Your name here To Mars, so it begins Team MAVEN

Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative Team Organization Six Functional Divisions: Number of People ELS Environmental & Life Support 3 ADC Attitude, Dynamics, & Controls 2 SVE Structures & Vehicle Engineering 3 APS Avionics & Power Systems 2 SMA Safety & Mission Assurance 2 PSE Propulsion Systems Engineering 2 Team MAVEN

Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative Functional Divisions • Environment & Life Support ELS Environmental & Support (ELS) ♂ Thermal Control ♂ Life Support ♂ Radiation Shielding [DA] ADC Attitude, Dynamics, & Controls • Attitude Determination & Control ♂ Earth Launch ♂ Guidance, Navigation, and Control ♂ Earth Landing/Recovery [DB] Team MAVEN

Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative Functional Divisions Contd. • Structures and Vehicle (SVE) SVE Structures & Vehicles. Engineering [DC] ♂ Crew Transfer Vehicle ♂ Habitation Module ♂ EVA Equipment/Support ♂ Payload Storage/Delivery ♂ Mars Ascent/Descent Vehicle [1] [DD] • Avionics and APS Avionics & Power Systems (APS) ♂ Avionics Systems ♂ Power Storage/Distribution ♂ Communications / Telemetry Team MAVEN

Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative Functional Divisions Contd. • Propulsion Systems (PSE) PSE Propulsion Systems Engineering [DF] ♂ Propulsion Systems ♂ Propellant [DE] • Safety and Mission Assurance SMA Safety & Mission Assurance (SMA) ♂ Crew Safety ♂ Vehicle Health Monitoring Team MAVEN

Customer (AIAA) Requirements Requirement Process Flow Values and Objectives (High Level) Mission Requirements Subsystem Requirements (High Level) Mission Design Subsystem Requirements (Low Level) Reiterate Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative Subsystem Design Team MAVEN

Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative Mission Phases Team MAVEN

System Architecture: A look at the big picture

Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative Mission Sequence [EB] Variable LMO LEO Variable LEO Earth to LEO < 15 min. LMO Martian Surface 18 months LMO to Mars < 1 hour LEO to LMO ~ 8 months Mars to LMO Variable LMO to LEO ~ 8 months LEO Variable LEO to Earth <15 min. [EA] System Architecture

Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative Earth Ascent to LMO [EB] LMO LEO [EC] [EA] System Architecture

Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative Earth Ascent to LMO [EB] LMO LEO [EC] [EE] [EA] System Architecture

Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative LMO to Martian Surface to LEO [EB] [ED] LMO LEO [EA] System Architecture

Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative Earth Descent via Earth Ferry [EB] LMO LEO [EA] System Architecture

Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative LEO to Earth Surface [EB] LMO LEO [EA] System Architecture

Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative LEO to Earth Surface [EB] LMO LEO [EG] [EF] [EA] System Architecture

Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative Deciding among the Options • Values to Maximize: ♂ Survivability ♂ Redundancy ♂ Reliability ♂ Reusability ♂ Robustness ♂ Packing Efficiency • Values to Minimize: ♂ Complexity ♂ Cost ♂ Mass ♂ Human Error System Architecture

System Synthesis: Relevant elements in each subsystem

Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative Environmental and Life Support [FA] • Survivability Requirements [FB] ♂ Correct breathable gases (O 2, N 2, CO 2) ♂ Food & water ♂ Thermally controlled environment System Synthesis

Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative Environmental and Life Support [FC] • Environmental Hazards ♂ Radiation ♂ Electrostatic arcing ♂ Outgassing • Thermal Control ♂ Radiators ♂ Heat pipes ♂ Thermal coating and layering [FD] [FC] System Synthesis

Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative Attitude, Dynamics, and Control • Sensors [FE] [FG] [FF] [FH] ♂ Attitude sensors ♂ Laser Imaging Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) • Actuators ♂ CMGs ♂ Momentum wheels ♂ Thrusters System Synthesis

Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative Attitude, Dynamics, and Control • Spacecraft Dynamics: ♂ Transfer orbits ♂ Orbit insertions [FL] Earth to Mars: Hohmann Transfer [FK] Mars Orbit Insertion: Aerocapture System Synthesis

Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative Structures and Vehicles • Launch Vehicles [FM] Ares V Payload Ares I Crew System Synthesis

Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative Structures and Vehicles • Crew Transfer Vehicle ♂ Reduce mass ♂ Increase packing efficiency • Ascent/Descent Vehicle ♂ Withstand forces of launch/landing ♂ Possibly combined with habitation module [FI] [FJ] System Synthesis

Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative Structures and Vehicles • Mars Habitation Module ♂ Self-sufficiency ♂ Sent separately ♂ Cave habitation [FN] • EVA vehicle ♂ Rover-like design (lunar rover) ♂ Inflatable tires ♂ EVA robotic assistant [FO] System Synthesis

Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative Avionics and Power Systems [FP] • Power Sources ♂ Photovoltaic Cells ♂ Nuclear ♂ Fuel Cells [FQ] • Power Storage ♂ Ni-Cd / Li-Ion Batteries ♂ Thin Film Batteries [FR] System Synthesis

Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative [FS] Avionics and Power Systems • Communications ♂ High gain vs. low gain ♂ Antennas: phased arrays ♂ Space borne receivers • Data Handling [FT] ♂ Radiation hardened computer systems ♂ Error detection mechanisms System Synthesis

Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative Propulsion Systems [FAA] • Rockets ♂ Chemical reaction generates thrust through a nozzle ♂ Solid, liquid, and hybrid • Electrodynamic Tethers [FAB] ♂ Orbit boosts ♂ Power generation ♂ Zero propellant System Synthesis

Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative Propulsion Systems • Electric Propulsion ♂ Electrostatic ion thrusters ♂ Hall effect thrusters ♂ Magnetoplasmadynamic thrusters [FAC] • M 2 P 2 ♂ Magnetic sail ♂ High specific impulse ♂ Still in developmental stage [FAD] System Synthesis

Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative Safety and Mission Assurance [FU] • Alarms ♂ Limit Sensing ♂ Alert ♂ Caution / Warning ♂ Emergency • Smoke and Fire ♂ Master Alarms ♂ Extinguishers ♂ Halons, Foam, and CO 2 ♂ FEANICS [FV] [4] [FW] Safety

Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative • • Safety and Mission Assurance Failure Safety Pressure Monitoring Redundant systems Checkpoints [FY] [FZ] [FX] System Synthesis

Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative • • Summary Motivations for Exploring Mars Characteristics of Mars Influential Missions Mission Parameters Team MAVEN System Architecture System Synthesis Motivations

Questions? Contact MAVEN@VT. EDU for more information