Manifest Destiny Idea that America had a

Manifest Destiny • Idea that America had a Godgiven right to spread from Atlantic to Pacific. • By 1890, this was complete and America began looking for new territory to conquer.

The Turn to Expansionism • During late 1800 s, economic expansionism became part of American experience.

• The development of foreign trade partners and routes became of utmost importance to “big business” looking to increase profits.

From expansionism to imperialism • Foreign trade required bigger U. S. Navy for protection • and ports in foreign waters for refueling.

Debate over Imperialism • Many Americans felt it was justified and necessary for American prosperity.

Motivations based on Realism • Economic –Trade –Natural resources –Protection

Motivations based on Idealism • American form of democracy was the best form of government • Christianity would save the ‘savages” who had not been exposed to it.

Opposed • Other Americans feared that building up overseas would • weaken America at home, • invite a war or • violate American principles such as selfdetermination for the other nations that would be taken over.

The Lure of Imperialism: the practice of extending a nation’s power by gaining territories for a colonial empire.

1. Commercial/Business Interests U. S. Foreign Investments: 1869 -1908

1. Commercial/Business Interests American Foreign Trade: 1870 -1914

Economic • New markets for manufactured goods • Raw materials

2. Military/Strategic Interests Alfred T. Mahan The Influence of Sea Power on History: 1660 -1783

Military • Desire for naval bases and coaling stations.

3. Social Darwinist Thinking The Hierarchy of Race The White Man’s Burden

4. Religious/Missionary Interests American Missionaries in China, 1905

Ideological • Spread Christianity • Spread western-style culture • Spread democracy

5. Closing the American Frontier

How American International interest manifested itself.

Big sister policy • James G. Blaine published his "Big Sister" policy which aimed to rally the Latin American nations behind America's leadership and to open Latin American markets to American traders.

American Samoa

Samoan Islands • 1877 - The U. S. entered into its first treaty with Samoa for the use of the excellent Pago Harbor. • This first treaty between Samoa and a major power increased the pressure on European nations that had an interest there. • Increasing conflict led to the partitioning of Samoa in 1899. The U. S. obtained the islands of eastern Samoa. Germany assumed control of Western Samoa.

• U. S. Congress placed responsibility for civil administration of the territory with the Executive Office. The U. S. Navy had this responsibility from 1900 to 1951. Since 1951 the U. S. Department of the Interior has administered the territory.

• However, American Samoa is substantially self governing today. It has its own constitution, its own legislature, its own elected governor and a non-voting representative in the U. S. House of Representatives. American Samoa has made very rapid progress in political self-determination. • However, all of this local authority is at the pleasure of the US Congress.

British Guiana and Venezuela • The Venezuela Crisis of 1895 occurred over a longstanding territorial dispute between Great Britain and Venezuela over the boundary between the two South American nations. • The crisis ultimately saw Britain accept the United States' intervention in the dispute to force arbitration of the entire disputed territory, and tacitly accept the United States' right to intervene under the Monroe Doctrine.

• By standing with a Latin American nation against European colonial powers, Cleveland improved relations with the United States' southern neighbors, but the cordial manner in which the negotiations were conducted also made for good relations with Britain. • However, by backing down in the face of a strong US declaration of a strong interpretation of the Monroe Doctrine, Britain tacitly accepted the Doctrine, and the crisis thus provided a basis for the expansion of US interventionism in the Western Hemisphere.

Great Rapprochement • The Great Rapprochement describes a fundamental shift in the relationship between Great Britain and the United States in the late Nineteenth Century. • In general, the social and political objectives of the two nations converged, while both recognized their shared history and democratic institutions. • Significant changes in the both countries made the Great Rapprochement mutually beneficial as well. Great Britain came to value the United States as a democratic ally at a time when the balance of power in Europe was impacted by the rise of autocracies in Russia and Germany.

Hawaii

U. S. Missionaries in Hawaii Imiola Church – first built in the late 1820 s

• In 1875, the United States signed a treaty with King Kalakaua of the Hawaiian Islands, a chain of eight large and many tiny islands 2, 000 miles off the coast of California. • U. S. officials decided that Hawaii would make a splendid naval base and fueling station for merchant ships. In the treaty, Hawaii gained exemption from tariffs on the sugar it exported to the United States. • In exchange, Kalakaua agreed not to cede any territory to any foreign power.

U. S. View of Hawaiians Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in 1849 by virtue of economic treaties.

• In 1886, the United States demanded full control over Pearl Harbor, which it wanted for a naval base. When Kalakaua refused, a group of vested American interests secretly formed the Hawaiian League. These traders, planters, and merchants decided that, for their economic profit, they must overthrow the king and influence the United States to annex Hawaii.

• Their first step was to force Kalakaua to sign the “Bayonet Constitution” (so called because the king was forced to sign it at gunpoint). The Bayonet Constitution limited the monarch’s power and the right of Hawaiians to hold political office. • In 1890, the Mc. Kinley Tariff granted all nations the right to ship sugar to the United States dutyfree. The price of sugar fell, and the Hawaiian economy felt the impact.

Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani Hawaii for the Hawaiians!

• In 1891, Liliuokalani became queen of Hawaii. Supporters of the Hawaiian League staged a major protest when she announced that she intended to overturn the illegal Bayonet Constitution. • With support from armed American marines, the Hawaiian League installed Sanford Dole as president of a new government. • Rather than see Hawaiian lives lost in battle, Liliuokalani abdicated.

U. S. Business Interests In Hawaii 1875 – Reciprocity Treaty 1890 – Mc. Kinley Tariff 1893 – American businessmen backed an uprising against Queen Liliuokalani. Sanford Ballard Dole proclaims the Republic of Hawaii in 1894.

• When the Dole government petitioned the United States for annexation, President Grover Cleveland ordered an investigation. Disgusted by the flagrant illegality of the Hawaiian “revolution, ” which had in fact been stage-managed by rogue Americans acting independently of the U. S. government, Cleveland ordered the Dole government disbanded. Sanford Dole defied the president, refusing to step down. • Cleveland was not willing to go to war to restore Liliuokalani to her throne, but he did refuse to annex Hawaii. • However, President William Mc. Kinley annexed Hawaii in 1898, ignoring the protests of the vast majority of Hawaiians. • Hawaii became a U. S. territory in 1900 and U. S. state in 1959.

To The Victor Belongs the Spoils Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898

Background • After being intimidated by a U. S. show of military force in the mid-1800 s, Japan opened itself up to trade with the U. S. • Japan also transformed itself into an industrial nation and built a strong military force so it could compete in the international markets.

Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan: 1853 United States basically forces Japan to open up to trade with U. S.

Treaty of Kanagawa: 1854

Japanese Imperialism • Japan seized Chinese Taiwan in 1895. • 1904 Russo-Japanese War broke out as both Russia and Japan showed an imperial interest in Korea and Chinese Manchuria.

U. S. Response • President Theodore Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize for helping to negotiate a peace agreement to end the conflict. • Japan was the clear victor in the conflict and the major power Asia.

• The U. S. and Japan became major rivals for influence in China and the Pacific region.

Gentleman’s Agreement: 1908 A Japanese note agreeing to deny passports to laborers entering the U. S. Japan recognized the U. S. right to exclude Japanese immigrants holding passports issued by other countries. The U. S. government got the school board of San Francisco to rescind their order to segregate Asians in separate schools.

Long term impact • Japan was insulted by American racism and sense of ethnic superiority. • Japan became more determined to become a dominant imperial power in the Pacific. • Pearl Harbor, 1941.

Spanish Misrule in Cuba

Valeriano Weyler’s “Reconcentration” Policy

The Imperialist Tailor

U. S. penetration of the Cuban economy • Sugar estates and mining interests passed from Spanish and Cuban to U. S. hands, and it was U. S. capital, machinery and technicians that helped to save the sugar mills that remained competitive with European beet sugar. • Furthermore, as the dependence of Cuban sugar on the U. S. market increased, the Cuban sugar producers were more and more at the mercy of the U. S. refiners to whom they sold their raw sugar. In 1894 nearly 90 percent of Cuba's exports went to the United States, which in turn provided Cuba with 38 percent of its imports.

“Yellow Journalism” & Jingoism Joseph Pulitzer Hearst to Frederick Remington: William Randolph Hearst You furnish the pictures, and I’ll furnish the war!

• Americans became embroiled in the Cuban revolution of 1895 against Spain Americans for many reasons: – American sugar companies lost trade and profit due to the fighting; – some saw a declaration of war against Spain as necessary for growth of American trade – while others claimed that Spanish tyranny had to be stopped in the Western Hemisphere. – Lastly, there was a strong desire for overseas coaling bases for ships in the U. S. 's new steel navy.

President Mc. Kinley • Mc. Kinley originally tried to avoid an armed conflict with Spain, but the American media, led by newspaper baron Randolph Hearst, lambasted Mc. Kinley as weak and whipped up popular sentiment for a war to give Cubans their independence.

De Lôme Letter Dupuy de Lôme, Spanish Ambassador to the U. S. Criticized President Mc. Kinley as weak and a bidder for the admiration of the crowd, besides being a would-be politician who tries to leave a door open behind himself while keeping on good terms with the jingoes of his party.

Remember the Maine and to Hell with Spain! Funeral for Maine victims in Havana

• The sinking of the Maine put tremendous strain on President Mc. Kinley. The national press clamored for war while Congress pressed for action. Concerned that the nation's military was unprepared, Mc. Kinley hesitated. • War was declared April 21, 1898.

Teller Amendment • In April 1898 Senator Henry M. Teller (Colorado) proposed an amendment to the U. S. declaration of war against Spain which proclaimed that the United States would not establish permanent control over Cuba. The Senate passed the amendment on April 19. True to the letter of the Teller Amendment, after Spanish troops left the island in 1898, the United States occupied Cuba until 1902.

The Spanish-American War (1898): “That Splendid Little War” How prepared was the US for war?

Theodore Roosevelt Assistant Secretary of the Navy in the Mc. Kinley administration. Imperialist and American nationalist. Criticized President Mc. Kinley as having the backbone of a chocolate éclair! Resigns his position to fight in Cuba.

The “Rough Riders”

• Spanish - American War (1898 - 1902) • • • Total U. S. Service-members (Worldwide) - 306, 760 Battle Deaths - 385 Other Deaths (disease) - 2, 061 Non-mortal Woundings - 1, 662

The Spanish-American War (1898): “That Splendid Little War”

Dewey Captures Manila!

Is He To Be a Despot?

Emilio Aguinaldo Leader of the Filipino Uprising. July 4, 1946: Philippine independence

William H. Taft, 1 st Gov. -General of the Philippines Great administrator. “My little brown brothers”

The White Man’s Burden by Rudyard Kipling • • • In February 1899, British novelist and poet Rudyard Kipling wrote a poem entitled “The White Man’s Burden: The United States and The Philippine Islands. ” In this poem, Kipling urged the U. S. to take up the “burden” of empire, as had Britain and other European nations. Published in the February, 1899 issue of Mc. Clure’s Magazine, the poem coincided with the beginning of the Philippine-American War and U. S. Senate ratification of the treaty that placed Puerto Rico, Guam, Cuba, and the Philippines under American control. Theodore Roosevelt, soon to become vice-president and then president, copied the poem and sent it to his friend, Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, commenting that it was “rather poor poetry, but good sense from the expansion point of view. ” Not everyone was as favorably impressed as Roosevelt. The racialized notion of the “White Man’s burden” became a euphemism for imperialism, and many anti-imperialists couched their opposition in reaction to the phrase. • https: //www. youtube. c om/watch? v=a. HTPBj Crdpk&safety_mode= true&persist_safety_ mode=1

Our “Sphere of Influence”

The Treaty of Paris: 1898 Cuba was freed from Spanish rule. Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island of Guam. The U. S. paid Spain $20 mil. for the Philippines. The U. S. becomes an imperial power!

The American Anti-Imperialist Founded in 1899. Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, William James, and William Jennings Bryan among the leaders. Campaigned against the annexation of the Philippines and other acts of imperialism. L

Cuban Independence? Teller Amendment guarantee that (1898) – Prior to S-A War, U. S. it would give Cuba its independence. Senator Orville Platt Amendment (1903) 1. Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with foreign powers that would endanger its independence. 2. The U. S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to maintain an efficient, independent govt. 3. Cuba must lease Guantanamo Bay to the U. S. for naval and coaling station. 4. Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.

Puerto Rico: 1898 1900 -Foraker Act. § § § PR became an “unincorporated territory. ” Citizens of PR, not of the US. Import duties on PR goods 1901 -1903 the Insular Cases. § Constitutional rights were not automatically extended to territorial possessions. § Congress had the power to decide these rights. § Import duties laid down by the Foraker Act were legal!

Puerto Rico: 1898 1917 –Jones Act. § Gave full territorial status to PR. § Removed tariff duties on PR goods coming into the US. § PRs elected their own legislators & governor to enforce local laws. § PRs could NOT vote in US presidential elections. § A resident commissioner was sent to Washington to vote for PR in the House.

Panama: The King’s Crown Panama was then under the control of Colombia denied U. S. request to purchase right to build canal so that ships could travel from Pacific to Atlantic (and vice versa) with sailing south around South America.

• U. S. supported Panamanian rebels in their fight for independence against Colombia. • Roosevelt was criticized by many for this example of “gunboat” diplomacy. • In return, Panama grants U. S. permission to build canal and control it. • In 1999, the U. S. returned control to Panama.

Panama Canal TR in Panama (Construction begins in 1904)

The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1905 Chronic wrongdoing… may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an international police power.

Speak Softly, But Carry a Big Stick!

Background • China was isolated from the rest of the world despite trade. • It strictly restricted foreign trade with only one port open. • 1842 Britain forced China to open 5 ports to trade

• Japan, and the European powers (Russia, France, Great Britain, and Germany) carved out spheres of influence (geographic areas where an outside nation exerts special economic or political control) in China.

U. S. Response • Too late to carve out its own sphere of influence, the U. S. was afraid it would be shut of the profitable trade markets in China. • Established the Open Door Policy - aimed to give all foreign nations equal access to trade in China.

The Open Door Policy Secretary John Hay. Give all nations equal access to trade in China. Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken over by any one foreign power.

Chinese Reaction • Boxers – group of Chinese nationals who wanted to end foreign influence in China, rebelled in 1900. • Western nations sent in troops to put down the rebellion and thereby protect their trade markets in China.

The Boxer Rebellion: 1900 The Peaceful Harmonious Fists. “ 55 Days at Peking. ”

America as a Pacific Power

The Cares of a Growing Family

Constable of the World

Treaty of Portsmouth: 1905 Nobel Peace Prize for Teddy

The Great White Fleet: 1907

Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy” Improve financial opportunities for American businesses. Use private capital to further U. S. interests overseas. Therefore, the U. S. should create stability and order abroad that would best promote America’s commercial interests.

The Mexican Revolution: 1910 s Victoriano Huerta seizes control of Mexico and puts Madero in prison where he was murdered. Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Emiliano Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon fought against Huerta. The U. S. also got involved by occupying Veracruz and Huerta fled the country. Eventually Carranza would gain power in Mexico.

The Mexican Revolution: 1910 s Emiliano Zapata Venustiano Carranza Pancho Villa Porfirio Diaz Francisco I Madero

Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy” The U. S. should be the conscience of the world. Spread democracy. Promote peace. Condemn colonialism.

Searching for Banditos General John J. Pershing with Pancho Villa in 1914.

War with Mexico? • The United States was on the verge of another war with Mexico when World War I broke out in Europe and Wilson backed off.

U. S. Global Investments & Investments in Latin America, 1914

U. S. Interventions in Latin America: 1898 -1920 s

Uncle Sam: One of the “Boys? ”