Managing Research Quo Vadis Professor Anastassios Pouris Institute

Managing Research: Quo Vadis Professor Anastassios Pouris Institute for Technological Innovation University of Pretoria October 2017 A Pouris

Objectives n Outline SA Research Performance n Discuss the many faces of research indicators n Elaborate on missing instruments n Offer suggestions n Discussion A Pouris

The growth of SA research outputs 1995 -2016 SA Publications 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 1991 A Pouris 1996 2001 2006 2011 2016 2021

Forces Affecting the Number of Publications n NRF rating researchers in social sciences n Journals added in Thomson Reuters databases n New Funding Framework for Higher Education Institutions Scientometrics (2012) 91: 317– 325 A Pouris

SA Publications and Important Events 1981 -2009 A Pouris

SA Publications 1996 -2016 n n n A Pouris Social Sciences Arts and Humanities Life Sciences and Biomedicine Physical Sciences Technology 31 651 8 842 103 441 46 119 37 847

SA Publications’ Share 1996 -2016 n Social Sciences 13. 9% n Arts and Humanities 3. 9% n Life Sciences and Biomedicine 45. 4% n Physical Sciences 20. 2% n Technology 16. 6% n Total 100. 0% A Pouris

SA Publications’ Share in World 1996 -2016 n n n A Pouris Social Sciences Arts and Humanities Life Sciences and Biomedicine Physical Sciences Technology 0. 80% 0. 33% 0. 63% 0. 50% 0. 37%

SA Publications World Ranking 1996 -2016 n Social Sciences n Arts and Humanities n Life Sciences and Biomedicine n Physical Sciences n Technology A Pouris 18 18 33 38 40

Social Sciences: Prolific Countries 2010 -15 SOCIAL SCIENCES NO. COUNTRY RECORD % OF 1607118 1 USA 31. 676% 2 ENGLAND 170 222 10. 592% 3 PEOPLES R CHINA 102 420 6. 373% 4 AUSTRALIA 78 683 4. 896% 5 CANADA 78 125 4. 861% 6 GERMANY 76 666 4. 770% 7 SPAIN 50 742 3. 157% 8 NETHERLANDS 49 372 3. 072% 9 FRANCE 39 650 2. 467% 10 ITALY 38 840 2. 417% 11 SWEDEN 22 618 1. 407% 12 SWITZERLAND 21 596 1. 344% 13 BELGIUM 21 437 1. 334% 14 ROMANIA 20 456 1. 273% 15 JAPAN 20 037 1. 247% 16 TURKEY 19 991 1. 244% 17 SCOTLAND 19 954 1. 242% 18 TAIWAN A Pouris 509 069 17 113 1. 065% 19 SOUTH AFRICA 16 443 1. 023%

ARTS and HUMANITIES Prolific Countries 2010 -15 ARTS and HUMANITIES NO. COUNTRY 1 USA 2 ENGLAND RECORD % of 884222 24. 047% 9. 180% 3 CANADA 4 GERMANY 5 AUSTRALIA 6 FRANCE 7 SPAIN 8 ITALY 9 SCOTLAND 10 NETHERLANDS PEOPLES R 11 CHINA 12 BELGIUM 13 ISRAEL 14 BRAZIL 15 SWITZERLAND 16 RUSSIA 17 SWEDEN 18 IRELAND A Pouris 212 625 81 174 26 739 21 933 18 049 17 287 16 325 13 990 10 830 9 422 3. 024% 2. 480% 2. 041% 1. 955% 1. 846% 1. 582% 1. 225% 1. 066% 8 507 6 329 4 861 4 674 4 408 4 272 4 210 4 067 0. 962% 0. 716% 0. 550% 0. 529% 0. 499% 0. 483% 0. 476% 0. 460% 19 SOUTH AFRICA 3 846 0. 435%

Life Sciences and Biomedicine Prolific Countries 2010 -15 LIFE SCIENCES and BIOMEDICINE NO. COUNTRY RECORD % OF 687 1042 1 USA 215 8697 31. 417% 2 PEOPLES R CHINA 541 800 7. 885% 3 ENGLAND 498 159 7. 250% 4 GERMANY 454 088 6. 609% 5 JAPAN 349 851 5. 092% 6 CANADA 315 630 4. 594% 7 ITALY 310 369 4. 517% 8 FRANCE 290 964 4. 235% 9 AUSTRALIA 263 090 3. 829% 10 SPAIN 240 637 3. 502% 11 BRZIL 202 172 2. 942% 12 NETHERLANDS 198 741 2. 892% 13 SOUTH KOREA 179 072 2. 606% 14 INDIA 178 591 2. 599% 15 SWITZERLAND 129 821 1. 889% 16 TURKEY 126 225 1. 837% 17 SWEDEN 114 658 1. 669% A Pouris 18 BELGIUM 19 POLAND 20 TAIWAN 21 DENMARK 22 SCOTLAND 23 AUSTRIA 24 IRAN 25 RUSSIA 26 ISRAEL 27 PORTUGAL 28 GREECE 29 NORWAY 30 MEXICO 31 FINLAND 32 IRELAND 33 CZECH REPUBLIC 34 SOUTH AFRICA 99 415 87 254 82 876 82 238 72 707 71 334 71 252 57 767 57 150 56 667 56 080 54 516 49 391 48 677 45 707 44 551 43 831 1. 447% 1. 270% 1. 206% 1. 197% 1. 058% 1. 037% 0. 841% 0. 832% 0. 825% 0. 816% 0. 793% 0. 719% 0. 708% 0. 665% 0. 648% 0. 638%

Physical Sciences Prolific Countries 2010 -15 PHYSICAL SCIENCES NO. COUNTRY RECORD % OF 3 262 667 1 USA 729 379 22. 355% 2 POEPLES R CHINA 647 603 19. 849% 3 GERMANY 264 041 8. 093% 4 JAPAN 214 496 6. 574% 5 FRANCE 194 431 5. 595% 6 ENGLAND 164 253 5. 034% 7 INDIA 159 653 4. 893% 8 ITALY 139 709 4. 282% 9 RUSSIA 139 584 4. 278% 10 SPAIN 121 746 3. 731% 11 SOUTH KOREA 120 735 3. 701% 12 CANADA 108 206 3. 316% 13 AUSTRALIA 81 611 2. 501% 14 POLAND 66 684 2. 044% 15 TAIWAN 65 931 2. 021% 16 IRAN 63 443 1. 945% 17 SWITZERLAND 61 169 1. 875% 18 BRAZIL 60 249 1. 847% 19 NETHERLANDS 55 694 1. 707% A Pouris 20 TURKEY 21 SWEDEN 22 BELGIUM 23 CZECH REPUBLIC 24 AUSTRIA 25 PORTUGAL 26 SINGAPORE 27 MEXICO 28 ISRAEL 29 SCOTLAND 30 ROMANIA 31 DENMARK 32 MALAYSIA 33 SAUDI ARABIA 34 UKRAINE 35 GREECE 36 FINLAND 37 SOUTH AFRICA 42 797 42 069 39 738 35 466 30 859 30 476 29 151 28 803 28 273 27 385 26 504 25 215 25 014 24 702 23 698 22 901 22 772 20 202 1. 312% 1. 289% 1. 218% 1. 087% 0. 946% 0. 934% 0. 893% 0. 883% 0. 867% 0. 839% 0. 812% 0. 773% 0. 767% 0. 757% 0. 726% 0. 702% 0. 698% 0. 619%

Technology Prolific Countries 2010 -15 TECHNOLOGY NO. COUNTRY RECORD % of 399 5120 1 PEOPLES R CHINA 924 293 23. 136% 2 USA 777 310 19. 456% 3 GERMANY 225 248 5. 638% 4 JAPAN 205 800 5. 151% 5 INDIA 184 102 4. 608% 6 ENGLAND 175 320 4. 388% 7 FRANCE 173 713 4. 348% 8 SOUTH KOREA 153 197 3. 835% 9 ITALY 138 556 3. 468% 10 CANADA 134 627 3. 370% 11 SPAIN 118 851 2. 975% 12 TAIWAN 102 911 2. 576% 13 AUSTRALIA 101 592 2. 543% 14 IRAN 77 546 1. 941% 15 RUSSIA 67 043 1. 678% 16 BRAZIL 65 052 1. 628% 17 NETHERLANDS 64 236 1. 608% 18 POLAND 59 950 1. 501% A Pouris 19 SWITZERLAND 20 TURKEY 21 SWEDEN 22 MALAYSIA 23 SINGAPORE 24 BELGIUM 25 PORTUGAL 26 CZECH REPUBLIC 27 AUSTRIA 28 ROMANIA 29 GREECE 30 FINLAND 31 DENMARK 32 MEXICO 33 ISRAEL 34 SAUDI ARABIA 35 SCOTLAND 36 NORWAY 37 EGYPT 38 THAILAND 39 SOUTH AFRICA 52 160 51 739 49 716 48 648 45 496 40 651 37 683 35 437 32 272 31 522 29 637 28 383 27 108 24 982 24 697 24 203 24 164 23 245 19 767 19 758 17 244 1. 306% 1. 295% 1. 244% 1. 218% 1. 139% 1. 018% 0. 943% 0. 887% 0. 808% 0. 789% 0. 742% 0. 710% 0. 684% 0. 625% 0. 618% 0. 606% 0. 605% 0. 582% 0. 495% 0. 432%

Contributors to Social Sciences SA 2010 -15 Organisation Percentage Univ of Cape Town 2476 15. 05% Univ of the Witwatersrand 2423 14. 7% Univ of Pretoria 1591 9. 6% Stellenbosch Univ 1507 9. 1% Univ of Johannesburg 1412 8. 5% Univ of Kwazulu-Natal 1345 8. 1% North-West Univ A Pouris Number of Publications 1213 7. 3%

Contributors to Arts & Humanities SA 2010 -15 Organisation Percentage Univ of Pretoria 641 16. 6% Univ of Cape Town 529 13. 7% Stellenbosch Univ 435 11. 3% Univ of the Witwatersrand 400 10. 4% UNISA 339 8. 8% Univ of Free State A Pouris Number of Publications 290 7. 5%

Contributors to Life Sciences and Biomedicine SA 2010 -15 Organisation Percentage Univ of Cape Town 9 450 21. 5% Stellenbosch Univ 6 481 14. 7% Univ of the Witwatersrand 5 950 13. 5% Univ of Kwazulu-Natal 5 732 13. 1% Univ of Pretoria A Pouris Number of Publications 5 588 12. 7%

Contributors to Physical Sciences SA 2010 -15 Organisation Percentage Univ of the Witwatersrand 3 023 14. 9% Univ of Cape Town 3 021 14. 9% Univ Kwazulu-Natal 2 923 14. 4% Univ of Johannesburg 2 079 10. 2% Stellenbosch Univ 1 867 9. 2% Univ of Pretoria A Pouris Number of Publications 1 509 7. 4%

Contributors to Technology SA 2010 -15 Organisation Percentage Univ of Pretoria 2 511 14. 5% Univ of Cape Town 2 380 13. 8% Univ of the Witwatersrand 2 010 11. 6% Stellenbosch Univ 1 793 10. 4% Univ of Kwazulu-Natal 1 732 10. 0% CSIR 1 388 8. 0% Univ of Johannesburg A Pouris Number of Publications 1 269 7. 3%

International Trends: Funding Instruments n Different policy objectives require different instruments horses for courses A Pouris

International Trends: Funding Instruments n EC study identified that on average each country has 50 R&D&I instruments n Popularity: A Pouris Innovation support Fiscal incentives Cluster initiatives

Funding Instruments SA n THRIP ? n SPII ? n SA Research Chairs n Incentive Funding for Rated Researchers ? n Centres of Excellence n Sector Specific Innovation Funds A Pouris

SA Instruments n Few Instruments < 50 n Small Size (ineffective? ) n Why? A Pouris

S&T Acceptance n The structure of the governance of S&T&I reflects the recognition of the importance of science, technology and innovation. n Internationally (e. g. China and Korea) science and technology have been adopted by their political leadership as primary productive forces and sources of economic development. A Pouris

Deng Xiaoping (Leader 1978 -89) “Marx was quite right to say that science and technology are part of the productive forces, but now it seems his statement was incomplete. The complete statement should be that science and technology constitute a primary productive force. The future of agriculture will eventually lie in bioengineering and other highly advanced technologies. So we must recognize the full importance of science and technology. We should put more money and effort into developing them and into developing agriculture and education. We should try every way to expand education, even if it means slowing down in other fields” (Deng Xiaoping, China 2011) A Pouris

What are we Missing? Suggestions (1) n Universities have the responsibility and mandate to facilitate the development of informed public policy related to Universities. n Universities and funding agencies should institutionalise advocacy activities. A Pouris

What are we Missing? Suggestions (2) n R&D&I funding should increase substantially. n Universities together with the funding agencies supporting university research (i. e. NRF, WRC, MRC and SANEDI) should consider discussing the issue for novel solutions with DST and Treasury. A Pouris

What are we Missing? Suggestions (3) n Foresight activities are useful for – – – planning science and technology funding; strategic decisions; defining the strategy of an industry or sector; improving long term competitiveness; coping with changes in the socio-economic framework; attracting the attention of political authorities etc. n Universities and NRF should consider the undertaking of foresight exercises for the University sector. A Pouris

Any Questions ? ? ? A Pouris