Malaysian Economy Bachelor of Business Administration BBA Professor

Malaysian Economy Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) Professor Dr. Ahmad Bin Othman School of Business and Management University College of Technology Sarawak (UCTS) 96000 Sibu, Sarawak 1

Today’s Agenda (Week #7) Education and human capital formation ü Malaysia’s education system in historical perspective ü Financing education ü Expansion in education: meeting quantitative targets ü Quality issues in education 2

History of Education System 3

Basic Facts ü Malaysia’s education system – predominantly State controlled and financed. ü The school system – 6 -3 -2 -2 ü Education policy – based on 1956 Razak Report. It called for state controlled, financed and unified with a common national curriculum. ü University and University College Act 1971, Amendments to AUKU 1995. Private Higher Education Institutions Act 1996 ü Education Act 1995 – aimed to enhance all round quality education ü 2004 Mo. HE was established to direct and regulate public and private higher education system 4

The 6 -3 -2 -2 System 20 19 18 17 16 Post-secondary Education (2) SPM Examination Upper Secondary Education (2) PMR Examination 15 14 STPM Examination Lower Secondary Education (3) 13 UPSR Examination 12 11 10 9 Primary Education (6) 8 7 6 5 Pre-school Education 4 3 2 1 6

EDUCATION Pre-School Attendance in a pre-school program is not universal and generally only affluent families can afford to send their children to private, for-profit pre-schools.

Primary Education There are two main types of public primary schools in Malaysia: national (Sekolah Kebangsaan in Malay, abbreviated as SK) and national-type (Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan, abbreviated as SJK). National-type schools are further divided into Chinese national-type schools (Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan Cina, SJK(C)) and Tamil national-type schools (Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan Tamil, SJK(T)).

Primary education begins at the age of 7 and ends at 12. Students are promoted to the next year regardless of their academic performance (poor curriculum induced). By degree of government funding, national schools are governmentoperated, while national-type schools are mostly government-assisted, though some are government-operated.

Primary education consists of six years of education, referred to as Year 1 to Year 6 (also known as Standard 1 to Standard 6). Year 1 to Year 3 are classified as Level One (Tahap Satu) while Year 4 to Year 6 are considered as Level Two (Tahap Dua). From 1996 until 2000, the Penilaian Tahap Satu (PTS) or the Level One Evaluation was administered to Year 3 students. Excellence in this test allowed students to skip Year 4 and attend Year 5 instead.

Secondary Education Secondary education in Malaysia is conducted in secondary schools (Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan) for five years. National secondary schools use Malay as the main medium of instruction. • The only exceptions are the Mathematics and Science subjects as well as languages other than Malay, however this was only implemented in the year 2003.

Malaysian national secondary schools are subdivided into several types: 1. National Secondary School (Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan) 2. Religious Secondary School (Sekolah Menengah Agama) 3. National-Type Secondary School (Sekolah Menengah Jenis Kebangsaan) 4. Technical Schools (Sekolah Menengah Teknik) 5. Residential Schools and MARA Junior Science College (Maktab Rendah Sains MARA).

Pre-University After the SPM, students from public secondary school would have a choice of either studying Form 6 or the matriculation (pre-university). If they are accepted to continue studying in Form 6, they will also take the Sijil Tinggi Persekolahan Malaysia (which is usually abbreviated as STPM) or Malaysian Higher School Certificate examination

Form 6 consists of two years of study 1. Lower 6 (Tingkatan Enam Rendah) 2. Upper 6 (Tingkatan Enam Atas) • Although it is generally taken by those desiring to attend public universities in Malaysia, it is internationally recognised and may also be used, though rarely required, to enter private local universities for undergraduate courses.

Tertiary education Tertiary Eduication is heavily subsidised by the government. Applicants to public universities must have completed the Malaysia matriculation programme or have an STPM grade. Excellence in these examinations does not guarantee a place in a public university.

The classification of tertiary education in Malaysia is organised upon the Malaysian Qualifications Framework (MQF) which seeks to set up a unified system of post secondary qualifications offered on a national basis both in the vocational as well as higher educational sectors.

Some foreign universities and colleges have also set up branch campuses in Malaysia, including: Monash University, Australia. The University of Nottingham, United Kingdom SAE Institute, Australia Swinburne University of Technology, Australia Curtin University of Technology, Australia Raffles Design Institute, Singapore

Postgraduate programmes Postgraduate degrees such as the Master of Business Administration (MBA) and the Doctor of Business Administration (DBA) are becoming popular and are offered by both the public universities and the private colleges. All public and most private universities in Malaysia offer Master of Science degrees either through coursework or research and Doctor of Philosophy degrees through research.

Vocational programmes and polytechnics schools Besides the university degrees, students also have the option of continuing their education in professional courses such as the courses offered by the ICSA (Institute of Chartered Secretaries and Administrators) etc. Polytechnics in Malaysia provide courses for diploma level (3 years) and certificate level (2 years).

Other types of Schools Islamic religious schools Chinese independent high schools International schools

LALUAN PENDIDIKAN / KERJAYA

KERANGKA PROGRAM DIPLOMA VOKASIONAL MALAYSIA 10% Usahawan PROGRAM DIPLOMA MINIMUM 90 KREDIT MINIMUM 2 TAHUN 70% Alam Perkerjaan TAHUN 3 PROGRAM PERSEDIAAN SIJIL VOKASIONAL MALAYSIA MENJADI SYARAT KEMASUKAN DIPLOMA VOKASIONAL MALAYSIA Melanjut Pelajaran TAHUN 4 OJT – 3 Bulan TAHUN 2 PRA-DIPLOMA 20% TAHUN 1 PBE CORE ABILITIES CIRI UTAMA PROGRAM • Syarat Kemasukan Am : • Guna CGPA 2. 00 (Selepas Semester 4) • Syarat 2 khusus Insaniah (20%), Vokasional (80%) • Elemen PBE, SE dan OJT • Kemahiran kebolehkerjaan/Employability Skills CIRI UTAMA PROGRAM : Selepas tamat tahun 2, LP akan anugerah Sijil Vokasional Malaysia (SVM) kepada semua pelajar. • LP iktiraf setara dengan SPM (B. Melayu) • 5 M/Pelajaran Akademik lain • Modul-Modul Vokasional • Modul Employability Skills • Akademik (30 %) Vokasional (70 %) Tahap sijil yang diperolehi menentukan sama ada pelajar layak ke program diploma 22

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PROFILE OF LABOUR FORCE, 1990 -2010 ‘ 000 persons 1990 Total Labour Force 7, 042. 0 Age Distribution 15 -24 25 -34 35 -54 55 -64 Labour Force Participation Rate (%) Male Female 2000 2, 014. 0 2, 204. 1 2, 436. 5 387. 4 28. 6 31. 3 34. 6 5. 5 33. 8 57. 4 8. 8 2010 2, 498. 3 2, 979. 2 3, 611. 3 483. 7 26. 1 31. 1 37. 7 5. 1 100. 0 3, 112. 2 4, 118. 9 4, 995. 5 713. 1 100. 0 2, 604. 3 5, 624. 5 1, 343. 7 % 12, 939. 6 100. 0 2, 380. 2 4, 042. 1 619. 7 % 9, 572. 5 100. 0 Educational Structure Primary Lower & Middle Secondary Tertiary % 27. 2 58. 8 14. 0 24. 1 31. 8 38. 6 5. 5 100. 0 1, 643. 3 6, 767. 4 4, 528. 9 12. 7 52. 3 35. 0 65. 3 65. 5 68. 1 85. 6 44. 1 85. 4 44. 5 86. 4 49. 0 25

Emphasis on Maths and Science In 1967, Higher Education Planning Commission emphasized the critical importance of Science and technology education at tertiary level Therefore – set long-term targets 1. Higher education to have enrolment ration – 60% arts & 40% science 2. 20% of relevant age group to be provided with facilities for HE. Later – the target changed – 40% arts & 60% science Achievement – 2000, 27. 7% science 26

Malaysian Qualifications Framework ü The Malaysia Qualification Agency (MQA) was established in 2007 – to ensure academic ü standards and teaching quality. ü Malaysian Qualifications Framework was introduced consisting of eight levels – ü Level 1 – 3 = Skills certificates ü Level 4 – Diploma ü Level 5 – Advanced diploma ü Level 6 – Bachelor degree and Graduate certificate & graduate diploma ü Level 7 – Master degree and Postgraduate certificate & postgraduate diploma ü Level 8 – Doctoral degree 27

Malaysian Qualifications Framework Skills Vocational and Technical 8 Higher Education Doctoral Degree Masters Degree Postgraduate Certificate & Diploma 7 Bachelor Degree Graduate Certificate & Diploma 6 5 Advanced Diploma 4 Diploma 3 Skills Certificate 3 2 Skills Certificate 2 1 Skills Certificate 1 Certificate Vocational and Technical Certificate Lifelong Learning Accreditation of Prior Experiential Learning (APEL) MQF Levels Sectors 28

Malaysian Qualifications Framework MQF Levels Qualifications Minimum Credits 8 Doctoral No given credit value Research Masters No given credit value Fully or Partly Taught Masters 40 Postgraduate Diploma 30 Postgraduate Certificate 20 Bachelors 120 Graduate Diploma 60 Graduate Certificate 30 5 Advanced Diploma 40 4 Diploma 90 Certificate 60 Skills Certificate According to skills and levels 7 6 1 -3 29

Financing Education 30

Financing Education Table 1: Public expenditure on education, 2005 -2008 Country Public expenditure on education as a percentage of GDP (1) Public expenditure on education as a tertiary education percentage of total student as a public expenditure percentage of GDP per (2) capital (3) Public expenditure on tertiary education as a percentage of total public expenditure on education (4) Malaysia 6. 0 25. 2 81. 1 37. 6 China 3. 9 - 26. 8 - India 3. 0 10. 7 90. 8 19. 6 Indonesia 3. 5 17. 5 - - South Korea 3. 1 - 5. 5 - Philippines 2. 5 15. 2 15. 4 13. 3 Singapore 3. 1 - 34. 1 - Thailand 4. 0 20. 9 36. 0 17. 9 Vietnam 2. 9 - - - 31

Table 2: Development Expenditure for Education (RM Million) Level Seventh plan 1996 -2000 Eighth plan 2001 -2005 Ninth plan 2006 -2010 Primary 2, 739 5, 585 Secondary 5, 318 Tertiary Percentage change 7 P-8 P 8 P-9 P 5, 645 +103. 9 +1. 1 8, 748 6, 793 +64. 5 +22. 4 5, 005 13, 404 16, 069 +167. 8 +19. 9 Other 4, 480 10, 185 11, 849 +127. 3 +16. 3 Total 17, 542 37, 922 40, 356 +116. 2 +6. 4 32

TABLE 2 Country Australia Canada China India Ireland Japan South Korea Malaysia New Zealand Singapore United Kingdom United States Source: Note: PUBLIC EXPENDITURE IN EDUCATION AND TERTIARY ENROLMENT IN SELECTED COUNTRIES (% ) Public Expenditure on Tertiary Enrolment (of population 20 Education 1996 24 years, 1993 5. 5 6. 9 2. 3 3. 2 6. 0 3. 6 3. 7 5. 2 7. 3 3. 0 5. 3 5. 4 The World Competitiveness Yearbook, 1998, 2000 1 Refers to year 2000 and age cohort 17 -23 years. 42 103 4 6 34 30 48 25 58 38 37 81 33

TABLE 3 PUBLIC SECTOR R&D EXPENDITURE AND NUMBER OF SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS FOR SELECTED COUNTRIES Country R&D Expenditure (% of GDP ) 1998 Australia Canada China India Ireland Japan South Korea Malaysia New Zealand Singapore United Kingdom United States Sources: The World Competitiveness Yearbook, 2000 World Development Report, 1999/2000 1 Refers to preliminary figures for year 1998 Note: 1. 7 1. 6 0. 7 1. 5 2. 9 2. 7 0. 4 1. 0 1. 8 1. 9 2. 5 Scientists and Engineers (per million population ) 1985 -1995 3, 166 2, 656 350 149 1, 871 6, 309 2, 636 500 1 1, 778 2, 728 2, 417 3, 732 34

Thank You 35