Major Milestones in Library Automation in the U. S. Since the 1960 s 美国图书馆自動化 五十年來的主要里程碑 前任美国国会图书馆亚洲部主任 前任俄亥俄大学图书馆馆長 Hwa-Wei Lee 李華偉 leeh@ohio. edu May 2009 1
Major milestones since the 1960 s 近五十年主要的里程碑 v v v The first major study on library automation in 1961 第一個图书馆自動化的主要研究 (1961) The MIT INTREX project experimented from 1965 to 1973 麻省理 学院信息传递试驗計劃 (1965 -1973) The MARC format developed by LC in the early 1960 s 国会图书馆开發的机读目录格式 (1960 s) Large databases began to develop in the 1960 s 大型数据庫开始發展 (1960 s) OCLC founded in 1967 OCLC 计算机联机图书馆中心成立 (1967) Locally developed & Vender-based systems began in the 1970 s 各馆自行开發及厂商开發的自動化系统开始 (70年代) May 2009 2
Major milestones since the 1960 s 近五十年主要的里程碑 v v v CD-ROM cataloging products marketed in the late 1980 s 使用光盤的编目 具开始上市 (80 年代 后期) Ohio. LINK founded in 1989 and many others followed 俄亥俄州大学及学院联网首先建立 (1989) Digital contents exploded following the expansion of Internet and World Wide Web in the 1990 s 随着英特网及万维网的發展数字资源也大量出現 (90 年代) NDIIPP established in 2000 国家数字信息基础设施及保护方案出炉 (2000) MARC 21, Unicode, and other developments since 2000 机读目綠 21, 統一编码, 及其它發展 (2000至今) May 2009 3
First Major Study for Library Automation 第一個图书馆自動化的主要研究 On April 23, 1961, the Council on Library Resources, Inc. made a grant to the Library of Congress for “a survey of the possibilities of automating the organization, storage, and retrieval of information in a large research library… not only from the point of view of the functioning of an individual institution but also from that of a research library whose activities are interrelated with those of other research libraries. ” 美国的图书馆资源委员会在 1961年 4月23日资助国会图书馆進 行一項調查关於大型研究图书馆对信息组织, 储存, 及检索使 用自動化手段的可能性. 這种自動化的功能不僅要適用於單一 的图书馆, 而且要適用於与许多研究图书馆彼此之间有相互关 联的活動上. May 2009 4
Some Conclusions of the Survey 一些主要的結論 Automation can, within the next decade, augment and accelerate the services rendered by large research libraries…在十年之内自動 化可以加强及加快大型研究图书馆所提供的服务. v Automation of bibliographic processing, catalog searching, and document retrieval is technically and economically feasible… v 对於書目处理, 目錄查尋, 及文献检索的自動化在技術 上及经济效益上是可以做得到的. v Automation will enhance the adaptability of libraries to changes in the national research environment and will facilitate the development of a national library system. 自動化可以加强图书馆在国家研究环境内的应变力及 促成全国性图书馆系统的發展. May 2009 5
Project INTREX - 信息传递试驗計劃 v The INTREX (Information Transfer Experiments) Project at MIT from 1965 -1973 was an early attempt to create an automated library system using both primary and secondary information. 麻省理 学院从1965到 1973所進行的 信息传递试驗 是早期对使用原始及二次信息所设計的图书馆自動 化系统. v It experimented with storing library information in microprint (reduced images of the actual letters or characters) as well as in digital form (binary codes). 它对用缩微印刷品及 数字形式的方法储存图书馆信 息進行试驗. May 2009 6
Three Basic Objectives of INTREX 信息传递试驗的三個基本目標 To apply automation technology to library processes 把自動化技術应用到图书馆作业上. 2. To promote the growth of a national network of library and information centers 促進图书馆及信 息中心走向全国性网络化. 3. To evolve toward online interactive library automation and information retrieval systems 向联机互動性图书馆自動化及信息检索的方 向發展. 1. May 2009 7
The MARC Format – 机读目录格式 In the early 1960 s, the Library of Congress began to develop a MAchine Readable Cataloging format which is capable of accommodating a wide variety of structured bibliographic descriptions 早在 60年代初国会图书馆即开始發展適用于各种书 目著录的机读目录格式. v MARC was implemented in 1966 and Magnetic tapes of MARC records were distributed to libraries participating in the pilot project 這个格式在 1966年开始使用并用磁帶將机读目录分送给参加试 验的图书馆试用. v MARC format has been credited as the necessary forerunner and stimulant for library automation 国会图书馆的机读目录格式被認 为是图书馆自動化的先駆者和導因. v May 2009 8
MARC Became a National Standard 机读目录成為國家標準 v In the late 1960 s, MARC II was accepted as the standard bibliographic format for cataloging description in the U. S. as well as in several other countries. 在 60年代后期机读目录 II 成為美国的書目格式及编目 標準, 而且为很多国家採用. v Soon after the wide-spread adoption of the MARC format and practice the Library of Congress also started the RECON (Retrospective Conversion) project to convert LC’s holdings retrospectively. 在机读目录被普遍採用后, 国会图书馆即开始回溯转 換编目將旧式的目录更新. May 2009 9
Early Pioneers in Information Storage & Retrieval 信息儲存及撿索 - 早期的開拓者 v v v v v 1964 – National Library of Medicine’s MEDLARS (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System 国家医学图书馆医学文 献分折及检索系统). 1966 – The ERIC database of the Educational Resources Information Clearinghouse 教育資源信息中心. 1967 – The Chemical Abstracts database 化学文摘. 1968 – SUNY/Biomedical Communications Network. 1972 – Dialog services of the Lockheed Missiles & Space Company. 1973 – LEXIS service of the Mead Data Central. 1976 – Westlaw service of the West Publishing. 1977 – BRS supplants SUNY/Biomedical Network. 1981 – NEXIS service of the Mead Data Central. May 2009 10
The Beginning of OCLC - OCLC 的開始 During the late 1960 s, several groups around the U. S. were experimenting with the MARC database. One such group was the Ohio College Library Center (OCLC). 在 60年代后期很多图书馆 都在个别的或集体的試用MARC数据庫, 俄亥俄学院图书馆中 心 (OCLC)也是其中之一. v OCLC was incorporated as a not-for-profit corporation in 1967 to develop an online shared cataloging network for college and university libraries in Ohio using MARC records. OCLC 是在 1967 年设立. 它是为俄亥俄州学院及大学图书馆建立一个使用 MARC数据庫的联网合作编目非营利机構. v Its initial goal was to create an union catalog for cooperative cataloging and resource sharing. 它的早期目标是要建立一个可供 合作编目及资源共享的联合目录. v May 2009 11
Rapid Expansion of OCLC - OCLC 的快速擴展 Soon after the OCLC online system became operational in 1971, libraries of all types from many other states and countries all wanted to join. 自从 OCLC联机系统在 1971年成功的運作之后, 很多不同形式的图书馆遠从其它各州及一些国家纷纷加入. v By 1977, it was a nationwide and international multi-type library network. 在 1977年 OCLC已成为全国及国際间各型图书馆的联 网组织. v Changed its name to OCLC Online Computer Library Center in 1981. 在 1981年 OCLC 改名为 计算机联机图书馆中心. v Broadening its governance structure by enlarging the representation of worldwide member libraries in the Members Council and the Board of Trustees. 为了使全球各地的成员图书馆能参与 OCLC 的管理和决策, OCLC扩大了它的会员代表大会及董事会的组 织. v May 2009 12
OCLC’s New Vision OCLC 的愿景 OCLC will be the leading global library cooperative, helping libraries serve people by providing economical access to knowledge through innovation and collaboration. 經由創新及合作, OCLC 要做为全球图书 馆领先的合作机構, 幫助图书馆, 以経济 的方式, 对读者提供知识信息. May 2009 13
OCLC Headquarters in Dublin, Ohio May 2009 14
Fast Growth of OCLC - OCLC 的快速成長 In July 2008, more than 69, 840 libraries of all types and sizes in the U. S. and 112 countries and territories around the world have become OCLC users. Among them 11, 674 are full members. 在 2008 年 7月, 分布在全世界112个国家 69, 840个各种各樣大 小不同的图书馆都在使用 OCLC. 其中有 11, 674个是OCLC的 会员图书馆. v The OCLC online catalog – World. Cat – has become the world’s largest bibliographic database with 108. 2 million records. OCLC的联机目录 – World. Cat – 是世界上最大的书目数据庫. 现有1億零 8百 20多万條記录. v In 2007 -2008, 22. 2 million new cataloging records were added in one year. 从 7/1/2007 到 6/30/2008 一年之间, 增加了2千2百 20 万条新的书目纪录. v May 2009 15
The Scope of World. Cat OCLC 全球联机目録的規模 These records include 474 languages and over a span of 6, 808 years of recorded human knowledge. 有這些书目包括了474种语言及6千8百零 8年人類知识的記录. v 79 million end-users conducted reference searches on First. Search and 10 million interlibrary loans were performed from 7/2007 to 6/2008. 在同一年内, 有7千9百万读者检索了OCLC的 First. Search数据庫 及經由OCLC進行了1千万次的馆際互借. v Source: OCLC Annual Report 2007/2008. 信息来源: OCLC 2007/2008 年度报告. OCLC website: http: //www. oclc. org/oclc/menu/home 1. htm May 2009 16
Top 10 Languages in World. Cat OCLC 的十大主要文字 v English 英文 v German 德文 v French 法文 v Spanish 西班牙文 v Dutch 荷蘭文 v Japanese 日文 v Chinese 中文 v Russian 俄文 v Italian 意大利文 v Swedish 瑞典文 May 2009 55, 192, 687 12, 311, 742 6, 248, 331 3, 602, 529 2, 681, 470 2, 540, 136 2, 362, 795 1, 781, 390 1, 693, 616 1, 384, 137 17
The Sources of OCLC Bibliographic Records 6/30/2008 OCLC 書目記錄的主要來源 Format Total Records from LC Total input by Participants Total LC Input, Participant Edited Records Total Records Books 7, 174, 988 81, 633, 366 1, 774, 796 90, 583, 150 Serials 632, 354 3, 892, 448 37, 558 4, 562, 360 Visual Materials 180, 293 3, 369, 556 18, 239 3, 568, 088 Maps 264, 449 1, 343, 184 8, 348 1, 615, 981 49, 403 807, 437 4, 255 861, 095 303, 023 3, 393, 161 64, 197 3, 760, 381 Scores 88, 063 1, 788, 448 55, 715 2, 401, 070 Computer Files 10, 383 828, 018 424 838, 825 8, 702, 956 97, 522, 574 1, 965, 420 108, 190, 950 Mixed Materials Sound Recordings Totals May 2009 18
RLIN, WLN, and UTLAS While OCLC continued to experience its exponential growth in the 1970 s some other library networks began to surge. 在 70年代, 除了OCLC之外, 还有一些大型图书馆联网. v RLIN (The Research Library Information Network) 研究图书馆联网 v WLN (The Washington Library Network, name changed to Western Library Network) 华盛顿州图书馆联网 v UTLAS (The University of Toronto Library Automation System) 多倫多大学图书馆自動化系统. v Both RLIN and WLN were later merged with OCLC. The ownership of UTLAS also changed many times. RLIN 及 WLN 后来均与 OCLC 合併. UTLAS 也已不存在. v May 2009 19
Developing State or Regional Consortia 各州及地區联盟的發展 While OCLC, RLIN, WLN came to be known as bibliographic utilities, two other types of library services began to be developed in the late 1970 s. 当 OCLC, RLIN, WLN 被称为书目服务机構時 另外兩种图书馆服务机構在 70年代后期开始發展. v State or regional library consortia 州内或区域性图书馆联盟 v Local or vendor-based library automation systems 各馆自行开發及厂商开發的自動化系统 v One of the best examples for state or regional library consortia is Ohio. LINK. 俄亥俄州大学及学院联网就是州內图书馆联盟的一个好例子. v May 2009 20
Ohio. LINK 俄亥俄州学術图书馆联网 Ohio. LINK (Ohio Library and Information Network) is a library consortium established in 1989 by libraries of higher education institutions in Ohio for library cooperation and resource sharing. Ohio. LINK成立於 1989年. 它是一个由俄亥俄州高等院校图书 馆组成用以加强图书馆合作及资源共享的图书馆联盟. v Currently its membership consists of 86 academic libraries and the State Library. 現有86所学術图书馆及州图书馆参加. v The combined collection has exceeded 46 million books and other library items and 10. 2 million of them are unique titles. 6. 1 million (or 59%) of the unique titles are owned by only one of the Ohio. LINK libraries. 縂藏书量超过4千6百万. 其中 1千零 2百万是單一本, 6千1 百万 ( 或 59%)僅有一个Ohio. Link 图书馆拥有. v It also provides services to research databases, e-journals, digital media, e-books, and e-theses and dissertations. 它的服务也包括提供研究数据庫, 电子期刋, 数字媒体, 电子书, 及电子論文等集中訂購的信息资源. v May 2009 21
Founding Library Directors, 1992 Ohio. Link 1992 年創始時的馆长 May 2009 22
v v Cooperative Activities of Ohio. LINK (1) Ohio. LINK 的合作项目 All libraries use the same type of hardware and software systems for maximum connectivity and interoperability. 各图书馆都採用 同一的硬件及軟件系统以發揮最大的连通性及互操作性. Establish an union catalog, including real-time circulation transactions, to enable users in any one of the libraries to request inter-library circulation from other libraries. 建立一个包括即時的图书流通记錄的联合目錄 , 使得任何一 个图书馆的读者可以向另外一个图书馆借书. Develop a state-wide collection acquisition policy to avoid unnecessary duplication of purchases. 訂定全州的书刊採購政策, 以避免不必要的重复採購. Establish reciprocal borrowing agreements with public libraries to share resources. 与公共图书馆建立互借及资源共享的恊定. May 2009 23
Cooperative Activities of Ohio. LINK (2) Ohio. LINK 的合作项目 Use consortium power to centrally purchase those high-demand high-price e-databases at lower costs and better contractual agreements. 運用联盟的影响力廉价購買高需求及高价格的电 子数据庫, 並獲得最有利的使用权. v Provide users with more full-text databases and electronic journals. 提供給读者更多的全文数据庫和电子期刋. v Fast delivery of inter-library-circulation materials. 快速傳递馆際互借的资料. v Develop a more sophisticated search engine enabling simultaneous search of multiple databases. 發展可同時检索多种数据庫的检 索引擎. v May 2009 24
Cooperative Activities of Ohio. LINK (3) Ohio. LINK 的合作项目 Establish an Electronic Journal Center to serve as a permanent archive for electronic journals. 设立电子期刊中心用以永久保存 电子期刊的数据文档. v Establish a Digital Media Center to centrally preserve digital resources. 设立数字媒体中心用以集中保存数字资源. v Allow qualified users to access various Ohio. LINK information resources online from off campus or remote locations. 使合格的 读者能在校外或远处检索Ohio. LINK的各种信息资源. v Develop a new Quick Search @ Ohio. LINK tool to provide simple, Google-like search with reliable, library quality results. 發展与 Google 检索引擎類似的Quick Search @ Ohio. LINK 快 速检索 具, 具备图书馆所要求的可靠性及高品質结果. v May 2009 25
Regional Book Depositories 分区图书儲存中心 Northwest Northeast Central Southwest May 2009 Southeast 26
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Locally Developed Library Systems 各馆自行開發的系統 During the early stages of library automation, some large research and government libraries began to develop their own local library systems. 在自動化發展的早期, 一些大型研究图书馆和政府机 構图书馆多自行開發各馆自巳的馆內系統. v Some of these examples are Stanford University, Virginia Tech, Northwestern University, the National Library of Medicine, etc. 像斯丹佛大学, 维吉利亜技術大学, 西北大学, 国家医学图书馆 等. v Some vendor-based systems were actually started by locally developed library systems such as Innovative Interfaces, VTLS, NOTIS, etc. 有一些厂商开發的系统实際上是起源于大学图书 馆巳开發的系统, 像 Innovative Interfaces, VTLS, 及 NOTIS 等. v May 2009 28
Vendor-based Library Systems 廠商開發的图书馆系統 v v v Because of the growing need for library automation, many commercial firms also entered the library automation marketplace. 因为对图书馆自動化需求的不断增加, 许多厂商湧入图书馆自 動化的市场. These companies offered systems in circulation, acquisitions, bibliographic searching, online catalogs, COM catalogs, and more advanced integrated library systems. 這些厂商提供了流通, 採購, 书目检索, 联机目录, 計算机輸出 缩微胶卷目录, 及先進的图书馆自動化集成系统. Many of these systems were sold as packages which were called turnkey systems in the 1980 s. 80年代的全套安裝好的系统. Client/server technology was adopted in the 1990 s. 客户机/服务器技術在 90年代开始使用. May 2009 29
MARC Going Forward – 机读目录的進展 Establishing standard MARC 21 in an XML structure. MARC 21 开始使用可扩展的标记语言的结构. v Using emerging protocols and systems 使用新开發的恊议及系统: v SRW (Search/Retrieval Web service such as Z 39. 50 International Next Generation) 查询/检索 web 服务恊议 (如国際下一代 Z 39. 50 – 网络信息 检索恊议规范). v OAI (Open Archives Initiative harvesting) 开放文档先导的采集. v METS (Meta Encoding & Transmission Standard) 元数据编码与传送标准. v Seeking interoperability with other new XML schemas 寻求与其它新的XML模 式之间的互操作性: v MODS (Metadata Object Description Schema) 元数据事物描述模式. v DC (Use data from Dublin Core in MARC environment) 都柏林核心元数 据集在MARC环境中的使用. v ONIX (Use data from ONIX – Online Information Exchnge - in MARC environment) 联机信息交换格式在 MARC环境中的使用. v Implementing Unicode 实行統一编码. v May 2009 30
Preservation of Digital Contents 數字文献內容的保存 As we enter the digital age, much of today’s knowledge and creativity is stored in digital formats. 当我们進入数字的時代, 大 量的人類知识及的創造活動是以数字的形式储存. v And yet, most of the older web sites created a few years ago were not preserved and are lost to history. 但是大多数在几年以前设立的网站並没有被保存下来. v Among the many challenges in preserving digital contents is the establishment of standards. 面对保存数字内容的挑战是要设立标淮. v Two such standards (Office Open XML and PDF/A – Portable document format) have become international standards. 目前开放式的 XML 和 PDF/A (可移植文档格式) 已被認可为 国際标淮. v May 2009 31
Creation of NDIIPP – NDIIPP 的創始 By federal legislation (PL 106 -554), LC established the National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program (NDIIPP) in December 2000. 在 2000年 12月, 美国国会 PL 106 -554 法案授杈国会图书馆设立 国家数字信息基础设施及保护項目. v In December 2002 the “Preserving Our Digital Heritage: NDIIPP Plan” was issued. 兩年之后, 国会图书馆颁布了”保存我们数字遗 産: 国家数字信息基础设施及保护項目计劃. v The Plan seeks to convene experts throughout the nation to provide a national focus on policy, standards and technical issues as they relate to digital preservation. 這个计劃要召集全国的专家们针对数字保存及维护提供全国性 的政策, 标准, 和技術的建议. v May 2009 32
Five Goals of NDIIPP – NDIIPP 的五個目標 1. Identify and collect at-risk born-digital content. 認定及收集面臨危机的原始数字文献資料. 2. Build and support a national network of partners working together to preserve digital content. 建立及支持一个全国性由 众多合作机構组成的数字文献資料储存网络. 3. Develop and use technical tools and services for preservation. 开發及使用用以保存及维护的技術 具及服务. 4. Encourage public policy to support digital preservation. 鼓勵有关公共政策以支持数字资源的保存及维护. 5. Show why digital preservation is important for everyone. 讓社会知道数字资源的保存及维护为什庅对每个人都重要. Website: http: //www. digitalpreservation. gov May 2009 33
Development of LC Web Site - 国会图书馆网站的發展 v Creating online primary source materials 建立联机原始资料: v American Memory 美国的記憶http: //memory. loc. gov v Global Gateway 全球的通路 http: //international. loc. gov/intldlhome. html v THOMAS Legislative Database 湯瑪斯立法数据庫http: //thomas. loc. gov v Providing digital reference service 提供数字参考諮詢服务: v Email support for the LC website 国会图书馆网站上电子信件 v Ask a Librarian 询问图书馆员 http: //www. loc. gov/rr/askalib/ using Question. Point 使用 Question. Point v Introducing RSS (Really Simple Syndication) feeds 介绍同時發送 信息 http: //www. loc. gov/rss/ , Webcasts 視频, Podcasts 播客 http: //www. loc. gov/podcasts/ , Blog 博客 http: //www. loc. gov/blog/ , and You. Tube http: //www. youtube/com/user/Library. Of. Congress. May 2009 34
Archiving the Web at LC - 国会图书馆对网上文献的存档 2000 – 2003: 2002年 到 2003年: - MINERVA (罗馬神话裡司智慧, 藝, 及战争的女神): event -based, thematic collecting. 根据事件与专题的收藏. - Collaborations with Internet Archive, Alexa, Web. Archivist. org. 与 Internet Archive, Alexa, Web. Archivist. org 等机構的合作. v 2004 – today: 2004年 到現在: - Identify policy issues, establish best practices, build tools (internally and with partners). 認定有关政策, 建立最好方法, 设計各种 具 (内部和合作机構). - Broaden expertise and understanding of Web capture within Library of Congress. 加強内部对网上信息存储的专门知识. - Collect, manage & sustain at-risk digital content. 收集, 管理及 维护面臨危机的数字资源. v May 2009 35
LC E-collections: Over 70 Terabytes 国会图书馆数位收藏: 超过70 TB U. S. National Elections – 2000, 2002…, 2008. 美国的大選. v Iraq War 2003. 伊拉克战争. v September 11, 2001 & Remembrance 2002. 9. 11事件. v Olympics 2002. 奥林匹克. v Congress 106 th to 110 th. 美国歷屆国会. v Supreme court Nominations. 美国最高法院提名. v Legal Blogs. 法律的博客. v Papal Transition. 罗馬教皇的更替. v Case Studies: health care, terrorism, Islam in Asia, etc. 个案研究: 医疗, 恐怖主义, 亜洲的伊斯蘭教等. Sources: http: //www. loc. gov/webcapture; http: //loc. gov/minerva/ v May 2009 36
The World Digital Library – 世界數位图书馆 It is a new initiative of the Library of Congress to make available on the Internet, free of charge and in multilingual format, significant primary materials from cultures around the world. 这是国会图书馆一个新的项目, 要在英特网上提供一个免费及 多种语言的, 包含有关世界各种文化最重要原始资料的数据庫. v The objectives of the World Digital Library are to promote international and inter-cultural understanding and awareness and expand non-English and non-Western content on the Internet. 世界數位图书馆的目的是要扩大英特网上非英语及非西方的 内容, 藉以推广国際间及各文化间的相互了解. Source 来源: http: //www. worlddigitallibrary. org/project/english/index. html v May 2009 37
New Challenges in Library Automation 新的挑战 v v v Managing and preserving the fast growing electronic contents and digital objects. 处理及保存快速增加的电子文献及数字物体. Improving bibliographical control and serarch of web resources. 改進对网上资源的目录控制和检索. Improving web-based interfaces and its tools such as Web 2. 0 and Library 2. 0. 改進与网络的接口及其 具, 如 Web 2. 0 和图书馆2. 0. Stressing interoperability of all systems. 強调各系统间的相互操作性. Developing and following new standards. 發展及採用新标准. Adopting new and innovative technologies for better library services. 採用日新月異的新技術来改善图书館服务. May 2009 38
THANK YOU QUESTIONS AND DISCUSSION 谢谢 问题 与 讨认 May 2009 39
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