Ludwig van Beethoven Early Years He

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Ludwig van Beethoven

Early Years • He was born in Bonn, in Germany. • At an early age he was taught to play piano, the organ, the viola and the violin. • He came from a musical family – his father played in the Prince’s court.

Vienna • He moved to Vienna in 1792 to improve his performance skills whilst working under Haydn. • During this time, he was led to believe that he was Mozart’s successor. • In Vienna, he began to compose and his compositions matured. • The first time his compositions were published, they were so successful they covered his living expenses for a year! • He is one of the few composers who knew great success whilst he was alive.

Loss of Hearing • By the age of 26, Beethoven began to lose his hearing. • This led to him avoiding social situations and moving to a small town in Austria to better cope with the loss. • This made playing the piano at concerts very difficult for him as he could not hear the audience or the music. • By 1814 he was completely deaf and so had to have conversations by writing them down in books.

Change in musical style • His move from Vienna to Heiligenstadt is marked by a change in the style of his compositions. • They became much bigger, longer and more complicated. • This change is known as the ‘Middle Period’ in his musical career. • It is the work of this period that cemented his reputation as a ‘master composer’.

Patronage • Beethoven not only earned money from performing and publishing his work, but also from having a patron. • His most important patron was the Archduke Rudolph who he taught to play the piano. • The two men became friends and Beethoven dedicated music to the Archduke including the great ‘Missa Solemnis’

His Loves • Beethoven had many great loves but could not marry most of them due to the class difference between them (he was a commoner and they were nobility). • Many of his most famous works are dedicated to the women he loved: • His ‘Moonlight’ sonata is dedicated to Julie Guiccardi • ‘Für Elise’ is for Therese Malfatti • ‘An die ferne Geliebte’ was dedicated to Josephine Brunsvik

Personal Difficulties • In October 1812 he visited his brother Johann to stop him living with Therese Obermayer – his brother ignored him and married her despite the fact she had an illegitimate child. • In 1815, his brother Carl died from consumption and Beethoven entered a custody battle with his wife Johanna, over their son Karl. Beethoven won custody but he and Karl did not get along and became estranged. • During times of personal difficulty, Beethoven hardly wrote any music.

Death • In the last few months before his death, Beethoven was seriously ill and spent most of his months in bed. • He died on 26 th March 1827 at the age of 56 during a thunderstorm – people at the time thought this was a sign of his greatness. • No-one knows how he died but some people think he may have been accidentally poisoned. • 20 000 people attended his funeral and he was buried in Vienna.

Music • He composed in several different genres and for many different instrument combinations. • His only opera is ‘Fidelio’. • He wrote 32 piano compositions. • His career can be divided into 3 periods: • Early: until 1802. Influenced by Haydn and Mozart. • Middle: from 1803 -1814. Just after he discovered he was going deaf. Produced his most famous piano sonatas. • Late: from 1815. Music has a highly personal expression. His famous Ninth Symphony was composed in this period.

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