Long-Term Preservation of Astronomical Research Results Robert Hanisch

Long-Term Preservation of Astronomical Research Results Robert Hanisch US National Virtual Observatory Space Telescope Science Institute Baltimore, MD 25 Apr 2007 Science Archives in the 21 st Century

Electronic information in astronomy • Astronomy was one of the first scientific disciplines to pioneer e-publishing (Ap. JLett 1995, Ap. J and AJ 1996) • Astronomy has comprehensive e-abstract and bibliographic services – Astrophysics Data System, SIMBAD, NED • Astronomy makes extensive use e-preprints on ar. Xiv. org • Astronomy data is archived and is generally publicly accessible – NASA mission archives – ground-based observatories (U. S. , Europe, Australia, etc. ) – data centers (catalogs, tables, value-added services) 25 Apr 2007 Science Archives in the 21 st Century 2

Electronic information in astronomy • E-journals link to underlying data, and data archives link to e-journals, through a system of persistent, unique identifiers • Astronomers interact with a set of connected electronic resources libraries journals, e-prints archives and data centers 25 Apr 2007 bibliographic services Science Archives in the 21 st Century 3

The Virtual Observatory • The Virtual Observatory is a framework for providing access to distributed data, distributed services. The VO is about data discovery, access, and integration, and combining data with computational services. • Motivation: – The data deluge. Needs tools to locate and sift through immense collections and to correlate data from many resources. ~500 TB of data currently available. – Scientific discovery opportunities exist at the intersections of diverse data sets. • Astronomy, of course! Space science, solar physics, aeronomy, seismology, oceanography, hydrology, biology, genomics, medicine. […]ology and […]onomy. • Keywords: Metadata, interoperability 25 Apr 2007 Science Archives in the 21 st Century 4

Data/Information in the VO • Basic data – digital images, spectra, time series, catalogs, tables • Simulations – models (results, computer codes, computational services) – virtual observations not discoverable through text-based search engines • Analysis and interpretation – journals, e-preprints – reprocessed and enhanced data • Name-resolution services – “Andromeda Galaxy”, “Messier 31”, “M 31”, “NGC 224”, “UGC 454”, etc. ==> ra 00 h 42 m 44 s, dec +41º 16’ 08” – Geographic equivalent of “Glenn Dale, MD”, “ 20769”, “Prince George’s County” ==> 76º 48’ 19 W, 38º 58’ 36” N 25 Apr 2007 Science Archives in the 21 st Century 5

The Virtual Observatory in Astronomy • The Virtual Observatory enables new science by greatly enhancing access to data and computing resources. The VO makes it easy to locate, retrieve, and analyze data from archives and catalogs worldwide. • The VO is NOT a huge centralized data repository. • The VO provides standard protocols for obtaining data from distributed collections. • The VO is national (US NVO) and international (IVOA). – US National Virtual Observatory is partnership of (real) observatories, universities, IT/CS groups. NSF-funded. – International VO Alliance is self-organized collaboratory and standards body (W 3 C-like). 25 Apr 2007 Science Archives in the 21 st Century 6

Without VO astronomer archive 1 service 3 archive 2 service 2 archive 3 survey 1 25 Apr 2007 n services, n interfaces service 1 survey 2 Science Archives in the 21 st Century survey 3 7

With VO astronomer archive 1 archive 2 service 3 VO archive 3 survey 1 25 Apr 2007 n services, “ 1” interface service 2 service 1 survey 2 Science Archives in the 21 st Century survey 3 8

Data integration Cas A supernova remnant optical (HST) 25 Apr 2007 Science Archives in the 21 st Century 9

Data integration radio (VLA) 25 Apr 2007 Science Archives in the 21 st Century 10

Data integration x-ray (Chandra) 25 Apr 2007 Science Archives in the 21 st Century 11

Data integration x-ray (Chandra) 25 Apr 2007 Science Archives in the 21 st Century 12

Data integration 25 Apr 2007 Science Archives in the 21 st Century 13

The Key to the VO: Interoperability • • Metadata standards Data discovery Data requests Data delivery Database queries, responses Distributed applications; web services Distributed storage; replication Authentication and authorization 25 Apr 2007 Science Archives in the 21 st Century 14

The data preservation problem • Research communities publish peer-reviewed journal papers that describe highly processed data. • Long-term preservation and curation systems for digital journal content are not currently in place; only the graphical representations of data are being saved. • The research cannot be verified and the results cannot be easily compared to other data in order to broaden impact. • Public funds invested in scientific research do not have maximum return on investment. Essential legacy datasets are being lost. 25 Apr 2007 Science Archives in the 21 st Century 15

Astronomy Digital Image Library 25 Apr 2007 Science Archives in the 21 st Century 16

ADIL query 25 Apr 2007 Science Archives in the 21 st Century 17

ADIL query 25 Apr 2007 ADIL is great, but… • Data capture and curation is separate from manuscript processing • Data access is not integrated into the journals • Data management is centralized Science Archives in the 21 st Century 18

Spectral data in NED 25 Apr 2007 Science Archives in the 21 st Century 19

Spectral data in NED 25 Apr 2007 Science Archives in the 21 st Century 20

Spectral data in NED 25 Apr 2007 Science Archives in the 21 st Century 21

Spectral data in NED spectra are great, but… • Data capture and curation is separate from manuscript processing • Data access is not integrated into the journals • Data management is centralized 25 Apr 2007 Science Archives in the 21 st Century 22

Storyboard 25 Apr 2007 Science Archives in the 21 st Century 23

Storyboard Hubble Space Telescope image. Most distant cluster of galaxies known. What more can I find out? 25 Apr 2007 Science Archives in the 21 st Century 24

Storyboard Where is this? What is the image scale? Where is north? How bright is the star? How bright is the galaxy? What else is known about this region? Can I trust the data analysis in this paper? 25 Apr 2007 Science Archives in the 21 st Century 25

Storyboard Save file Copy to my VOSpace Display and compare 25 Apr 2007 Science Archives in the 21 st Century 26

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Journal… 25 Apr 2007 Archive… Science Archives in the 21 st Century 29

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Is there any X -ray emission from this cluster of galaxies? 25 Apr 2007 Science Archives in the 21 st Century 34

Approach • Integrate digital data management into the publication process (data capture, review, metadata tagging and validation, storage). • Exploit emerging information technology standards for managing distributed data collections, including digital journals. • Provide multiple access methods to digital data to maximize visibility and re-use. • Exploit information management and curation experience in the university libraries and build on long -term institutional commitments to preservation. 25 Apr 2007 Science Archives in the 21 st Century 35

Components Publication & Editorial Process Library • Curation • Preservation • Data capture • Metadata capture & validation • Links • Identifiers Data Storage Appliance • Metadata database • Digital data objects • Ancillary information replication services VOSpace Data Access • VO portals • Journal portals • Other after-market distributors • Registry • Logging 25 Apr 2007 Science Archives in the 21 st Century 36

Data preservation tasks & partners • Tasks (partners) – Metadata definition (VO, library) – Content management tool evaluation/selection (Fedora) (VO, library) – Physical storage and replication (VO, library, publisher) – Publication process revisions and testing (publisher, editorial staff) – Policy development (editorial staff, professional society) – Business model development (publisher, professional society) 25 Apr 2007 Science Archives in the 21 st Century 37

The curation challenge • Digital data is useless without accurate metadata • Data collections cannot be located/queried/ mined without accurate metadata • Metadata curation can be automated, but not completely • Curation is an ongoing and significant cost for digital data management – Virtual Observatory registry – Data archives 25 Apr 2007 Science Archives in the 21 st Century 38

Digital data discovery and access is essential for the research community • • • Data re-use, with provenance Optimization of public investment in science Increasing the discovery space Creation of a research legacy Integrity in scientific publication Success requires cooperation among providers (individual and institutional), publishers, curators, and preservationists 25 Apr 2007 Science Archives in the 21 st Century 39