London city, capital of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Administratively Greater London divided into 33 self-governed areas forms the region of England. About 43 years under the name Londinium Romans soon after their invasion into Britain are based. In the I—III centuries — the capital of the Roman Britain, since the XI—XII centuries — England, since 1707 — Great Britain, from XVI to the XX century — the British Empire. From 1825 to 1925 I was the largest city of the world.
The name of London goes back to the name of the Roman city of Londinium which origin remains not clear. It is considered that the word is dorimsky, borrowed local population. This linguistics for 1998 carries Londinium to Plowonida dokeltsky consisting of Indo. European roots of plew — a current, swimming, rowing, and nejd — a stream.
This word in the ancient time could designate the Thames River piece below Westminster where there was a ford, and to the mouth; also contacts navigation. This word in language of Celts was transformed at first to Lundonjon, and then in Welsh Lundein or Lundyn, from where was borrowed by Romans as Londinium.
Roman period Londinium was based by Romans soon after their invasion into Britain in the summer of 43 years. The settlement on the northern coast of the Thames at a river confluence with it Uolbruk had to protect the wooden bridge built through the Thames. Romans probably moved ahead from the coast exhausting deep into islands on the ancient road passing through the ford near modern Vestminstersky Bridge. Remains of the Roman wall
In the winter of 60 — 61 years Britons, having used departure of the Roman army for the island of Anglesey, lifted revolt against conquerors, and under leadership of the queen Boudikka destroyed Kamulodun — the first capital of the Roman Britain then burned Londinium. However the city was restored and became the new capital of the Roman Britain. At a turn of the II— III centuries Londinium was enclosed with a defensive wall 6 meters high, its area made one square mile.
In the III century after division of Britain into two parts — Top and Lower — Londinium turned into the capital of Upper Britain. At the end of the IV century Britain was divided anew, and Londinium became the capital of the province of Maxim Tsezarensis. In 410 Romans left Britain and Londinium.
The period from V to the VI century in the history of London remains littleknown. In the VI—VII centuries in two kilometers to the west of antique Londinium saxophones founded the city of Lyundenvik (from Old English wic — the port, the trade city) which became the capital of the East Saxon kingdom. Tower
After admission of Essex by the king Sabert of Christianity in 604 within antique Londinium the chair of the first bishop of east saxophones Mellit was placed and St. Paul's Cathedral is put. In the VIII century the city passed under the power of the kingdom of Mercia. In 842 and 851 years Lyundenvik was attacked by Vikings. In 871 — 886 years in the city the "Great pagan army" of Vikings which won a half of England wintered.
In 886 Lyundenvik appeared in hands of the West Saxon king Alfred Veliky who, being afraid of invasion of Vikings, transferred the settlement of Lyundenvika in the strengthened Londinium, having given it the German name of Lyundenburg. Lyundenvik was left by saxophones, and over time turned into city Oldvich Street. From 1013 to 1042 Lyundenburg was under the power of Danes. Soon the Anglo-Saxon king Edward the Confessor transferred the residence to the western suburb Lyundenburga on Torni's island, nowadays the Area of Westminster (from English west — the West and minster — monastic church) where restored old abbey and founded the royal palace.
Thus, London was divided into two main speak rapidly: actually the city — City which over time turned into the business district of London, and Westminster — the place of stay of the king, and is later than parliament. After a victory of Normans in fight at Hastings in Westminster abbey William the Conqueror's crowning took place. The new king of England confirmed freedoms of London, having excluded the city from general census of the subdued population. On coast of the Thames Normans built the Tower and other defensive works to a case of popular uprising.
In 1189 the position of the elective mayor of London was founded. At a turn of the XII—XIII centuries from the ancient Anglo-Saxon capital the Winchester the treasury moved to Westminster, and London turned into the capital of England over time. By 1209 the first stone Londonsky Bridge which staid more than five hundred years was built. In 1216 during civil war the foreign army of the French headed by the prince who were on the side of the nobility against the king last time entered the city. Thus, London is the only European capital which wasn't seized by the enemy never for the last nearly 8 centuries. In 1320 on the bank of the Thames "The steel yard" — one of offices of the German merchants of Hansa which existed till 1598 was based.
In 1348 London was captured by epidemic of plague from which died out to a half of the population of the city. By 1380 in the city lived about 50 thousand inhabitants. Epidemic became the indirect reason of country revolt of 1380 under leadership of Watt Tyler during which London underwent plunder.
Science and education In London over 40 universities at which about 400 thousand students are trained work. 93 thousand foreign students bring to a city economy over 1, 5 billion pounds sterling. Among large universities: London university, university of the Western London, London Subway, London University of the Queen Maria, University of East London, University of Greenwich, Kingston University, London University Saut-Bank, London University of Arts, Westminster University, Midlseksky University, London City University, Brunelsky University, Imperial College of London university and others. University College London
The London university was founded in 1836, consists of 18 self-governed colleges and several institutes, among which University College London, college Birkbek, Goldsmits, Royal college, the London business school, London School of Economics and Political Science, college of the Queen Maria, royal college Holloway and others. The number of students exceeds 120 thousand people.
Culture and leisure Museums and libraries British museum The center of the London museums is the district of the Southern Kensington in which are the Natural History Museum, the Museum of science, Victoria and Albert's Museum (the world's largest meeting of arts and crafts and design).
Other remarkable museums — the British museum, which collection makes about 7, 5 million exhibits; The London National gallery, one of the art museums of the world which are most respected by experts, Tate Gallery (the largest meeting of English art in the world); well-known Wax museum of Madame Tussauds; Sherlock Holmes's Museum. It is possible to call the museum and the operating royal residence — Buckingham Palace which part of rooms is open for visitors usually 2 months in a year (August — September). Also excursion rounds are held on Parliament buildings, the Tower, the London cathedrals. In London there is a national British library.
Theaters Some large commercial theaters specializing on statement of musicals, comedies and dramas are in the area West End. There is even a special term vest-endsky theater (English West End theater) which is used in England for designation of entertaining commercial theaters of Broadway type. From classical theaters it should be noted National Theatre around Saut-Bank, new theater "Globus" and Theatre at the Royal Court.
The London theaters of classical music are widely known in the world: the well-known Royal theater of the opera in Kovent. Gardena, Royal Albert hall, Elizabeth II's Theatre.
Architecture monuments Tower Bridge
Buckingham Palace
Parliament building
I performed work Student of group 3 -PK Dzyuba Sergey I thank for attention