LOGICAL FALLACIES Global Perspectives 2014
An error in reasoning due to misunderstanding, presumption or bias They appeal to emotions and bias rather than
WHERE’S A FAULT? He’s not a great athlete; he’s a fraud, a cheat and a liar. That’s why not everybody is “happy for Lance. ”
“AD HOMINEM” • “Ad Hominem” is Latin for “against the man”. It is the fallacy of attacking the person rather than offering the argument itself.
Ad hominems can be abuse: e. g. “don’t listen to him, he’s an idiot”. Any attack on the person's character, nationality or religion of the arguer rather than on his argument counts as an ad hominem. http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Hsn. Fqa. HG 87 w
FALSE CAUSE FALLACY E. g. Since you started seeing that girl your grades have gone down. She’s obviously been distracting you from your work, so you mustn’t see her anymore. Where’s fallacy?
FALSE CAUSE FALLACY …is when one reasons that just because two things are found together (i. e. are correlated) there must be a direct causal connection between them. http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=vv-Mw. UMv. JZ 4
EVENT C HAPPENED IMMEDIATELY PRIOR TO EVENT E. THEREFORE, C CAUSED E.
APPEAL TO AUTHORITY Bill: "I believe that abortion is morally acceptable. After all, a woman should have a right to her own body. " Jane: "I disagree completely. Dr. Johan Skarn says that abortion is always morally wrong, regardless of the situation. He has to be right, after all, he is a respected expert in his field. " Bill: "I've never heard of Dr. Skarn. Who is he? " Jane: "He's the guy that won the Nobel Prize in physics for his work on cold fusion. " Bill: "I see. Does he have any expertise in morality or ethics? " Jane: "I don't know. But he's a world famous expert, so I believe him. "
APPEAL TO AUTHORITY …is using someone as an expert on a subject who has no expert knowledge on that subject http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=TSJVQu 3 Eog U
STRAWMAN
STRAWMAN. . is when one misrepresents someone’s argument it to make it easier to attack. Example: After Will said that we should put more money into health and education, Warren responded by saying that he was surprised that Will hates our country so much that he wants to leave it defenceless by cutting military spending.
STRAWMAN FALLLACY • . . is when one misrepresents someone’s argument it to make it easier to attack. • (http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=6 Tgt 0 i. XAKJA)
HASTY GENERALIZATION E. g. “Smoking isn’t bad for you; my grand dad smoked thirty a day for his whole life and lived to be 92. ”
HASTY GENERALIZATION • . . is when arguments use specific cases to support general conclusions. • http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=5 d. GNPMy. Jfos
SLIPPERY SLOPE • (1) If you buy a Green Day album, then next you’ll be buying Buzzcocks albums, and before you know it you’ll be a punk with green hair and everything. (2) You don’t want to become a punk. Therefore: (3) You shouldn’t buy a Green Day album.
SLIPPERY SLOPE • You said that if we allow A to happen, then Z will eventually happen too, therefore A should not happen. • (http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=aa. Kvgr. MY Jx. I)
APPEAL TO PITY • "I'm positive that my work will meet your requirements. I really need the job since my grandmother is sick"
APPEAL TO PITY • The use of pity to win an argument • http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=6 A 5 d 45 b. TZq. Y
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