LOGICAL FALLACIES Global Perspectives 2012
An error in reasoning due to misunderstanding, presumption or bias They appeal to emotions and bias rather than
WHERE’S A FAULT? Margaret know nothing about fixing cars. She is a woman.
“AD HOMINEM” • “Ad Hominem” is Latin for “against the man”. It is the fallacy of attacking the person rather than offering the argument itself.
Ad hominems can be abuse: e. g. “don’t listen to him, he’s an idiot”. Any attack on the person's character, nationality or religion of the arguer rather than on his argument counts as an ad hominem.
CORRELATION NOT CAUSATION E. g. Since you started seeing that girl your grades have gone down. She’s obviously been distracting you from your work, so you mustn’t see her anymore. Where’s fallacy?
CORRELATION NOT CAUSATION …is when one reasons that just because two things are found together (i. e. are correlated) there must be a direct causal connection between them.
EVENT C HAPPENED IMMEDIATELY PRIOR TO EVENT E. THEREFORE, C CAUSED E.
RESTRICTING THE OPTIONS It is an attempt to justify an action or conclusion by making it seem as though there aren't any other options.
RESTRICTING THE OPTIONS “Many gifted children from working class backgrounds are let down by the education system in this country. Parents have a choice between paying sky-high fees to send their children to private schools, and the more affordable option of sending their children to inferior state schools. Parents who can’t afford to pay private school fees are left with state schools as the only option. This means that children with great potential are left languishing in comprehensives“.
RESTRICTING THE OPTIONS • E. g. For the brightest students, scholarships are available to make private school more affordable, so there is a third option not considered above: applying for scholarships to private schools.
STRAWMAN
STRAWMAN. . is when one misrepresents someone’s argument it to make it easier to attack. Example: After Will said that we should put more money into health and education, Warren responded by saying that he was surprised that Will hates our country so much that he wants to leave it defenceless by cutting military spending.
HASTY GENERALIZATION. . is when arguments use specific cases to support general conclusions. E. g. “Smoking isn’t bad for you; my grand dad smoked thirty a day for his whole life and lived to be 92. ”
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