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§Location: Southwest Asia §At the Crossroads of 3 Continents §Location: Southwest Asia §At the Crossroads of 3 Continents

§Much of the region is desert §Ex. Sahara (Hot & Lacks Water) • Greatest §Much of the region is desert §Ex. Sahara (Hot & Lacks Water) • Greatest population around coast & rivers • Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, Persian Gulf • Nile River, Tigris-Euphrates v. Provides half the worlds oil (OPEC)

§ Switch from hunting and gathering to farming and permanent settlement ØCivilizations grew near § Switch from hunting and gathering to farming and permanent settlement ØCivilizations grew near sources of water v. Ex. Early River Valley Civilizations

§Located around Fertile Crescent §Mesopotamia §“Land between 2 rivers” §Phoenicians, Sumerians, Egyptians, Babylonians, Persians, §Located around Fertile Crescent §Mesopotamia §“Land between 2 rivers” §Phoenicians, Sumerians, Egyptians, Babylonians, Persians, Hebrews

§ Law: Hammurabi’s Code § Writing Systems: Cuneiform (Sumerians) • Hieroglyphics (Egyptians) • Phonetics § Law: Hammurabi’s Code § Writing Systems: Cuneiform (Sumerians) • Hieroglyphics (Egyptians) • Phonetics (Phoenicians) § Architecture: • Pyramids-Egypt • Ziggurat-Sumerians • Hanging Gardens- Babylon v. The Wheel, Calendar, etc. •

Egyptians- Polytheistic Judaism Christianity Eastern Orthodox Islam Egyptians- Polytheistic Judaism Christianity Eastern Orthodox Islam

§War in Afghanistan §Civil War in Lebanon §Iran Iraq War §Persian Gulf War v. §War in Afghanistan §Civil War in Lebanon §Iran Iraq War §Persian Gulf War v. Arab-Israeli Conflict

§Brutal Civil War between Muslims & Christians §Palestinian refugees & PLO leaders settle in §Brutal Civil War between Muslims & Christians §Palestinian refugees & PLO leaders settle in Lebanon §Muslims gain majority over Christians §Israel & Syria both enter conflict v. Uneasy truce in 1992

§Belief that Muslims should strictly follow Islamic law & resist Western influences ØEx. Iranian §Belief that Muslims should strictly follow Islamic law & resist Western influences ØEx. Iranian Revolution, Afghanistan

§Modernization vs. Traditionalism §Pro-Western Shah overthrown §Ayatollah Khomeini establishes a religious state based on §Modernization vs. Traditionalism §Pro-Western Shah overthrown §Ayatollah Khomeini establishes a religious state based on Islamic law ØEx. limited woman rights v. Seizes U. S. Embassy/Hostage Crisis

§Muslim rebels overthrow Soviet puppet government §Taliban set up extremist Islamic State ØMen cannot §Muslim rebels overthrow Soviet puppet government §Taliban set up extremist Islamic State ØMen cannot cut beards, Women must be covered, cannot attend school v. Taliban ousted by U. S. forces following 9/11

§Border dispute explodes into full scale war • Ayatollah Khomeini vs. Saddam Hussein • §Border dispute explodes into full scale war • Ayatollah Khomeini vs. Saddam Hussein • Ravages both nations economies ØIraq demands financial aid from Kuwait v. Cause of the Persian Gulf War 1990

§Iraq invades & annexes Kuwait §Operation Desert Shield ØUS led coalition defends Saudi Arabia §Iraq invades & annexes Kuwait §Operation Desert Shield ØUS led coalition defends Saudi Arabia from Iraq §Operation desert Storm ØCoalition destroys Iraqi forces & liberates Kuwait üUN levies sanctions against Iraq

§Jewish sovereignty in Palestine goes back 3000 years until they were driven out in §Jewish sovereignty in Palestine goes back 3000 years until they were driven out in 135 A. D. ØDiaspora-dispersal of Jews from Palestine § Arab Sovereignty dates back to the 7 th century v. Both groups stake claim to the region

§Zionism- movement to establish a Jewish homeland in Palestine(1890’s) §Balfour Declarationstatement that British made §Zionism- movement to establish a Jewish homeland in Palestine(1890’s) §Balfour Declarationstatement that British made supporting a Jewish homeland in Palestine (WWI) v. Nazi persecution of the Jews sparks movement to Israel(WWII)

§ 1947 - UN partitions Palestine into a Palestinian & Jewish state ØPalestinians rejected § 1947 - UN partitions Palestine into a Palestinian & Jewish state ØPalestinians rejected partition • 1948 David Ben Gurion announced creation of the state of Israel ØArabs react by waging war in 1956, 1967, 1973 v. Defeated each time

§ 1948 - War for Independence § 1956 - Suez Crisis § 1967 - § 1948 - War for Independence § 1956 - Suez Crisis § 1967 - Six Day War § 1973 Yom Kippur War

§ 1978 Camp David Accords. Brokered by President Carter §Peace Treaty between Israel (Menachem § 1978 Camp David Accords. Brokered by President Carter §Peace Treaty between Israel (Menachem Begin) & Egypt (Anwar Sadat) §Israel returns Sinai Peninsula §Sadat is eventually assassinated

§The Oslo Accords ØPortions of the West Bank & Gaza were to be governed §The Oslo Accords ØPortions of the West Bank & Gaza were to be governed by a Palestinian authority led by Yasir Arafat v. Attempts at peace today have been hindered by terrorist attacks

§Palestinian Liberation Organization §Led by Yasir Arafat § 1970’s & 1980’s PLO militants began §Palestinian Liberation Organization §Led by Yasir Arafat § 1970’s & 1980’s PLO militants began a terror campaign against Israel §Intifada- Militant uprising inside Israel §Terror attacks, boycotts, demonstrations continue today

• Militant group such as Hamas, Hezbollah, Jihad, & Al Qaeda commit acts • Militant group such as Hamas, Hezbollah, Jihad, & Al Qaeda commit acts of terrorism among Israel and its supporters

§Kemal Ataturk (1923) §Father of the Turks • Modernizes/Westernizes Turkey • Democracy • Secularization-Legal §Kemal Ataturk (1923) §Father of the Turks • Modernizes/Westernizes Turkey • Democracy • Secularization-Legal System based on European rather than Islamic Law

1967: Six Day War- Israel occupied Gaza Strip, Golan Heights and the West Bank 1967: Six Day War- Israel occupied Gaza Strip, Golan Heights and the West Bank 1973: Egypt attacked Israel’s occupation of troops in the Sinai Peninsula, Syria attacked in Golan Heights 1978: Camp David Accords-Israel’s Begin, Egyptian’s Sadat and U. S. ’s Carter Egypt recognized Israel 1993: Israel and PLO self government for West Bank Palestinians