Local Dialects in Great Britain And their historical, social and linguistical aspects. By Daniel Romanov
What is a dialect? Grammar Accent Lexis Dialect Factors that may create dialect The term dialect (from the ancient Greek word διάλεκτος diálektos, "discourse", Territory from διά diá, "through" and λέγω legō, "I Social Class speak") is a variety of a language that is a characteristic of a particular group of the Media language's speakers. Race Age The term is applied most often to regional speech patterns, but a dialect may also be Sex Religion defined by other factors, such as social class.
The United Kingdom is probably the most dialect-obsessed nation in the world. With countless accents shaped by thousands of years of history, there are few English-speaking nations with as many varieties of language in such a small space. Distribution of Local English Dialects 4 3 11 5 8 6 4 Nothern (11) Midlands (6) East Anglian (4) Southern (8) West Country (5) Scotland (3) Wales (4)
Dialect: Cockney One of the best known Southern dialects is Cockney, the regional dialect of London. This dialect exists on two levels 1. As spoken by the educated lower middle classes it is a regional dialect marked by some deviations in pronunciation but few in vocabulary and syntax. As spoken by the uneducated, Cockney differs syntax from Standard English not only in pronunciation but also in vocabulary, morphology and syntax. Etymology The present sense of Cockney comes from its use among rural Englishmen (attested in 1520) as a pejorative for effeminate town-dwellers, from an earlier general sense (encountered in "the Reeve's Tale" of Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales 1386) c. of a "cokenay" as "a child tenderly brought up" and, by extension, "an effeminate fellow" or "a milksop".
Dialect: Cockney v Cockney is probably the second most famous British accent. It originated in the East End of London, but shares many features with and influences other dialects in that region. v Features: v Raised vowel in words like trap and cat so these sounds like “trep” and “cet. ” v London vowel shift: The vowel sounds are shifted around so that Cockney “day” sounds is pronounced IPA dæɪ (close to American “die”) and Cockney buy verges near IPA bɒɪ(close to American “boy”). v Glottal Stopping: the letter t is pronounced with the back of the throat (glottis) in between vowels; hence better becomes IPA be? ə (sounds to outsiders like “be’uh”). v L-vocalization: The l at the end of words often becomes a vowel sound Hence pal can seem to sound like “pow. ” (I’ve seen this rendered in IPA as /w/, /o, / and /ɰ/. ) v Th-Fronting: The th in words like think or this is pronounced with a more forward consonant depending on the word: thing becomes “fing, ” this becomes “dis, ” and motherbecomes “muhvah. ”
Dialect: Estuary English Estuary is an accent derived from London English which has achieved a status slightly similar to “General American” in the US. Features of the accent can be heard around Southeast England, East Anglia, and perhaps further afield. It is arguably creeping into the Midlands and North. It is greatly popular among the young people and contains a lot of words from Cockney, American and Australian English. Due to its simplicity it replaced RP in many spheres of life and is now preferred for commercial purposes. It also can be heard on BBC and in the House of Lords.
Dialect: Estuary English v. Features: v. Similar to Cockney, but in general Estuary speakers do not front th words or raise the vowel in trap. There are few hard-and-fast rules, however. v. Glottal stoppingof ‘t’ and l-vocalization are markers of this accent, but there is some debate about their frequency.
Dialect: Yorkshire One of the representatives of the group of Northern and Midlands dialects (see map) is the Yorkshire dialect. The Yorkshire dialect refers to the varieties of English used in the Northern England historic county of Yorkshire. Those varieties are often referred to as Broad Yorkshire or Tyke. The dialect has roots in older languages such as Old English and Old Norse; it should not be confused with modern slang. Yorkshire is generally not as stigmatised as other dialects, and has been used in classic works of literature such as Wuthering Heights, Nicholas Nickleby and The Secret Garden.
Dialect: Yorkshire Vocabulary and Grammar (examples from the list of features) v Some dialect words persist, although most have fallen out of use. The use of owt and nowt, derived from Old English a wiht and ne wiht, mean anything and nothing. They are pronounced [aʊt] and [naʊt] in North Yorkshire, but as [ɔʊt] and [nɔʊt] in most of the rest of Yorkshire. Other examples of dialect still in use include flayed (sometimes flayt) (scared), laik (play), roar (cry), aye (yes), nay (emphatic "no"), and all (also), anyroad (anyway) and afore (before). v When making a comparison such as greater than or lesser than, the word "nor" can be used in place of "than", e. g. better nor him. v Nouns describing units of value, weight, distance, height and sometimes volumes of liquid have no plural marker. For example, ten pounds becomes ten pound; five milesbecomes five mile. The word us is often used in place of me or in the place of our (e. g. we should put us names on us property). Us is invariably pronounced with a final [z] rather than an[s]. [42] etc.
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