Livestock production and mycotoxins in Nandi County BY

Livestock production and mycotoxins in Nandi County BY ERASTUS K. KANG’ETHE 1; GATWIRI MURITHI 2 AND CHRISTINE MBURUGU-MUSOTI 2 1, University of Nairobi 2, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28 th November 2013 1

Nandi County sites KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28 th November 2013 2

Nandi County Sites • Nandi North /Central lies between 1, 300 m to 2, 500 m above the sea level in the highlands. • receives mean rainfall of between 1, 200 -2, 000 mm per yea - bimodal. • Kipkaren and Kabiyet are ideal for maize and wheat cultivation. The climate is ideal for dairy activities. Maize sufficient. KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28 th November 2013 3

Nandi county • Nandi Central rises from • Nandi South is a maize 1, 400 m along the deficit zone despite border with Nyando being 68% arable and district to 2, 400 m above having good climate sea level in the highlands • Upper Highland (UH) Lower Highlands (LH 1 -2) and Upper Midlands (UM 1 -2). KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28 th November 2013 4

Livestock statistics • Family size 5. 9 greater than National average 4. 6 • Average number of cows per household 3. 0 in Kaptumo, 4. 1 in Kipkarren and 4. 4 in Kilibwoni • Milk production per cow per day was 2. 9 l Kipkarren; 4. 3, Kaptumo and 3. 1 l in Kilibwoni • Ratio of milking to total females 1: 1. 2 KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28 th November 2013 5

Mycotoxins • Mycotoxins are produced by specific genera of fungi – Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium spp. • The toxigenic fungi can invade crops during pre- and post harvest periods producing toxins. • Toxin production is favored by environmental conditions - temperature, moisture, water activity, relative humidity KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28 th November 2013 6

Mycotoxins • Fungi normally grow between 10 - 400 C, p. H between 4 -8, Aw below 0. 70. • Some of the metabolites have been used as therapeutic agents - fumagillin, fusaric acid, and mycophenolic acid. • Dispute as to why fungi produce the mycotoxins – anti- insect and anti –rodent agents while others think are reactions to agricultural biocides KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28 th November 2013 7

Mycotoxins • Diversity of mycotoxins depends on interactions of a number of factors which include: types of substrate, moisture content, available nutrition, temperature, humidity, maturity of the fungal colony, co occurrence with other fungi, competition from other microorganisms, stress factors, physical damage of the substrate etc. KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28 th November 2013 8

Household selection Criterion • Dairy farming, growing maize, millet and sorghum • Child under five years, pregnant spouse • 255 households selected • 62 Kilibwoni • 98 Laboret • 96 Chepkongongy KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28 th November 2013 9

Livestock Keeping in Nandi ( KNBS 2009) Cattle Sheep Goats 17, 467, 774 17, 129, 153 27, 740, 153 Nandi North 255, 881 529, 492 219, 394 Nandi Central 85, 198 34, 680 5, 220 Nandi South 68, 155 22, 280 14, 340 National wide Sub county KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28 th November 2013 10

Livestock Numbers Cattle Kipkarren Kilibwoni Kaptumo 384 224 210 Local 9 35 75 Total 393 259 285 Male 97 81 98 Female 302 195 186 Total 399 276 284 Suckling 95 69 56 Nullipara 59 43 65 Productive 221 159 158 Total 375 271 279 Improved Breed Sex Age Cohort KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28 th November 2013 11

Livestock Numbers Sheep Breed Sex Age Cohort Kipkaren Improved Local Total Male Female Total Suckling Nullipara Productive Total Kilibwoni Kaptumo 134 18 152 26 114 140 16 14 144 10 7 17 7 12 19 3 4 10 17 46 42 88 23 66 89 26 10 50 86 KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28 th November 2013 12

Livestock Numbers Goats Breed Sex Age Cohort Kipkaren Improved Local Total Male Female Total Suckling Nullipara Productive Total Kilibwoni Kaptumo 7 8 15 5 10 15 0 12 3 15 2 14 16 12 4 16 4 7 5 16 0 8 8 2 6 8 0 3 5 8 KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28 th November 2013 13

Aflatoxins and Fumonisins Fungal Species Mycotoxins Aspergillus spp Aflatoxins, Fusarium spp Fumonisins, ZEN, DON, Trichothecenes Claviceps spp Ergot alkaloids KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28 th November 2013 14

Aflatoxin and fumonisins Distribution (Continent) Toxin Africa and Asian Sub continent Aflatoxin Australia Aflatoxin and Fumonisin North America Aflatoxin, Ochratoxin, Zearalenone (ZEN) and Deoxynivalenol (DON) South America Aflatoxin, Fumonisins, Ochratoxin ZEN, DON, Eastern Europe ZEN and DON Western Europe Ochratoxin, ZEN and DON KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28 th November 2013 15

Sources of mycotoxins Growing pasture –fungal contamination of grasses Silage Hay, straw and Maize stovers About 25% of the worlds cereals are contaminated by aflatoxins (FAO, 1987, CAST 1989) KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28 th November 2013 16

Husbandry practices Kipkaren (%) Kilibwoni (%) Kaptumo (%) Zero grazing 0. 0 11. 6 0. 0 Semi-Zero grazing 1. 7 16. 9 31. 2 20. 2 30. 6 6. 0 12. 0 27. 8 Husbandry Practice Pasture Tethering KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28 th November 2013 17

Husbandry Practices Husbandry Dairy meal Maize or wheat bran Maize germ Wheat germ Pollard Maize stovers Rice/wheat/ other straws Spoilt maize grain Hay Napier Free range Others Kipkaren (%) Kilibwoni (%) Kaptumo (%) 21. 8 39. 1 35. 3 12. 5 11. 1 0. 0 27. 1 37. 5 0. 0 21. 4 12. 5 55. 6 60. 0 100. 0 14. 1 100. 0 35. 8 0. 0 15. 2 30. 0 10. 3 0. 0 30. 1 3. 0 28. 0 14. 1 41. 1 0. 0 30. 9 6. 1 32. 6 18. 5 34. 9 KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28 th November 2013 18

Feed Sources Source Kipkaren (%) Kilibwoni (%) Kaptumo (%) Buy 17. 7 29. 3 31. 5 Grow 26. 3 24. 2 22. 5 Crop residues 14. 2 27. 7 22. 3 Exchange for milk/manure/draught 0. 0 Other 36. 8 13. 2 2. 6 KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28 th November 2013 19

Effects of aflatoxin : Cattle Clinical signs seen in cattle fed contaminated feeds - chronic exposure Target organ is the Liver Reduced weight gain Reduced feed conversion efficiency Reduced milk production (33 % Masri et al 1969) Decreased feed intake Reduced fertility (2%, Gutherie 1979) Increased susceptibility to diseases KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28 th November 2013 20

Effects of aflatoxin: Poultry are the most susceptible to aflatoxin among the livestock with ducks being the most among poultry. Clinical signs include: Reduced feed intake Reduced egg production Reduced hatchability of eggs Poor egg shell quality Leg problems – rickets Carcass condemnation - bruising KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28 th November 2013 21

Effects of aflatoxin: swine Feeding system in pigs can increased incidences of introduction of aflatoxins- wet feeding systems Clinical signs in piggery include: Reduced feed intake Reduced growth rate Lower sow productivity – 800 ppb –fewer piglets born live /weaned Liver damage Vit E (mulberry heart disease) and A deficiency (incoordination and hind legs paralysis) KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28 th November 2013 22

Effects of aflatoxin in swine Depressed immune response – reduced phago cytosis by 36% - in vitro tests with pig cells given 100 ng/ml of AFB 1, reduced antibody and interleukin production (Liu et al 2002). KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28 th November 2013 23

Effects of aflatoxin in Horses Live longer in farms than other livestock 300 ppb cause death Loss of weight, Poor body condition Reduced fertility Liver necrosis Immune suppression. KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28 th November 2013 24

Aflatoxin in Animal feeds Levels of Aflatoxin Negativ Less than 5 Greater than 5 e ppb Sub County Source Kipkarren Farm (n=108) 46. 3 51. 9 Market (n=1) 0. 0 100. 0 Farm (n=36) 41. 7 50. 0 8. 3 Market(n=3) 66. 7 33. 3 0. 0 Farm (n=57) 40. 4 57. 9 1. 8 Market (n=2) 50. 0 Market (n=2) 209 50. 0 44. 0 52. 6 3. 3 Kilibwoni Kaptumo Makindu Central Total KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28 th November 2013 25

Aflatoxin in Milk KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28 th November 2013 26

Fumonisins in Feeds Sub County Source Levels of Fumonisin Negative (%) Kipkarren < 2 ppm > 2 ppm 27. 8 0. 0 100. 0 Farm (n=36) 8. 3 80. 6 11. 1 0. 0 33. 3 66. 7 Farm (n=57) 3. 5 66. 7 29. 8 Market (n=2) Makindu Central 70. 4 Market(n=3) Kaptumo 1. 9 Market (n=1) Kilibwoni Farm (n=108) 0. 0 100. 0 Market (n=2) 0. 0 100. 0 3. 3 70. 3 26. 3 Total KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28 th November 2013 27

Fumonisin effects in Livestock v Equine leucoencephalomalacia v. Porcine pulmonary edema o Liver toxicity v. Reduced weight gain v. Reduced reproductive efficiency v. Reduced milk and egg production v. Increased susceptibility to stress and d’se infections § Disruption of lipid metabolism KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28 th November 2013 28

Economic impacts v. Aflatoxin residues in milk § 2% of the dietary aflatoxin will be converted into AFM 1 § There are over 1. 5 M smallholder farmers who produce the bulk of the 4. 07 Million tonnes (FAO, 2009) § Per capita Consumption of 145 liters (CGIAR, 2008) § Source of chronic exposure § This could hinder trade –non tariff barrier. KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28 th November 2013 29

Economic Impact of Mycotoxins v. Aflatoxin found in eggs v. The ratio of transmission of aflatoxin B 1 in feed to eggs and muscle has been shown to be 5000: 1 (Oliveira et al 2000, Bintvihok et al 2002) v. No data on prevalence of aflatoxin in eggs in Kenya KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28 th November 2013 30

Control Knowledge- Use of spoilt maize Knowledge – Safety of milk of Aflatoxin contaminated feed Safety Laboret n=101) Kilibwon Chepkon i gony (n=63) (n=97) Yes 51. 5 76. 2 72. 2 No 13. 9 20. 6 14. 4 Don’t Know 34. 7 3. 2 13. 4 KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28 th November 2013 31

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Ministry of Foreign Affairs Finland, MTT and University of Nairobi SFSD Team Thank you KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28 th November 2013 32