LIVES AND PROBLEMS OF WOMEN IN THE NORTH CAUCASUS Results of the study made in 2014
RESEARCH GROUP Research Advisor – Irina Kosterina Methodology Consultant – Olga Elkina Regional Coordinators v Lidia Kurbanova and Inna Ayrapetyan (Chechnya) v Jeanette Akhilgova (Ingushetia) v Viktoria Petrova (Dagestan) v Irina Kishukova (Kabardino-Balkaria) 2
METHODOLOGY 723 questionnaires 80 interviews in 4 republics Sampling and recruitment: apartments, houses + "female spaces" (kindergartens, market, beauty salons, workplaces, bank, "at the wedding") Filling in the questionnaires: by oneselves and with the help of the interviewers Sensitive topics, difficult to discuss: sex, violence Language difficulties 3
THE COMPOSITION OF THE RESPONDENTS Republic in which survey was conducted Chechnya 31 -45 years old Age groups 46 -60 years old 61 years and older Primary, lower secondary Secondary education Your education Specialized secondary education Higher, incomplete higher Place of residence City Village KB Ingushetia Avg. of all 37. 0% 33. 1% 18. 1% 26. 2% 29. 7% 22. 5% 29. 3% 30. 2% 29. 9% 27. 5% 18. 5% 30. 9% 32. 9% 28. 7% 26. 9% 22. 0% 6. 6% 18. 8% 15. 2% 16. 0% 9. 8% 3. 4% 2. 0% 12. 2% 7. 1% 18. 7% 20. 2% 10. 7% 23. 2% 18. 4% 32. 4% 35. 4% 40. 3% 25. 0% 33. 1% 39. 1% 17 -30 years old Dagestan 41. 0% 47. 0% 39. 6% 41. 3% 68. 3% 65. 1% 72. 0% 68. 5% 31. 7% 34. 9% 28. 0% 31. 5% 4
THE COMPOSITION OF THE RESPONDENTS Republic in which survey was conducted Dagestan KB Ingushetia Avg. of all Single - Not married 23. 0% 24. 4% 16. 1% 18. 3% 20. 9% Widow 13. 3% 5. 0% 9. 4% 13. 4% 10. 4% Divorced 10. 6% 14. 4% 9. 4% 5. 5% 10. 2% Married Marital Status Chechnya 53. 1% 51. 7% 62. 4% 61. 0% 56. 5% . 0% 4. 4% 2. 7% 1. 8% 2. 1% 1. 3% 3. 8% 3. 4% 2. 5% 2. 6% 14. 5% 26. 4% 20. 1% 17. 9% 19. 4% 14. 1% 9. 3% 17. 4% 10. 5% 12. 8% 10. 6% 15. 9% 19. 5% 14. 2% 14. 6% 11. 9% 7. 1% 4. 7% 4. 9% 7. 6% 14. 1% 8. 2% 14. 1% 12. 3% 12. 2% Unemployed 3. 1% 3. 3% . 7% 9. 9% 4. 2% Pensioner 7. 5% 7. 7% 13. 4% 20. 4% 11. 7% 16. 7% 9. 3% 6. 7% 6. 2% 10. 4% 6. 2% 8. 8% . 0% 1. 2% 4. 4% Lives in a civil marriage Manager, Director, Deputy Manager of department, head of unit, Specialist Employee, Technicians and associate professionals Worker, including service workers Student Occupation Housewife Individual entrepreneur. Own business. Self-employed Other 5
Life and Daily Routines in the Republic 6
HOW HAS LIFE CHANGED IN THE REPUBLIC DURING THE LAST 10 YEARS? Dagestan: 28% - nothing changed 18% - cannot say Lost situation or stagnant situation, people do not know how to evaluate it or do not see major changes. Ingushetia: 8% - Significantly improved 48% - slightly improved 9% - slightly worsened 6% - has seriously deteriorated the most positive situation Noticeable age difference in the assessment of the situation: Youth: prone to assess the situation more positively Older generation: more skeptical in their assessment 7
HOW HAS LIFE CHANGED IN THE REPUBLIC OVER THE LAST 10 YEARS? GRAPH 100% 90% 80% 70% Hard to estimate Has not changed 60% Significantly worsened 50% Slightly worsened 40% Slightly improved 30% Significantly improved 20% 10% 0% Chechnya Dagestan KB Ingushetia 8
FREE TIME Watch television: About 60% of women in all the republics Especially women in orlder age group: in Chechnya 88%, in Dagestan – 90% Very few women do sports or go to fitness clubs. Women from 17 to 30 years Prefer to interact in social networks: in Chechnya- 52 %, in rest of the republics- about 25% More actively spend time outside of the home 9
FREE TIME. GRAPH Graph 3. Free time I don ’t have free time Sleep, rest I go shopping, shopping centers I go to training courses I do handicrafts I read I visit relatives I take care of myself (beauty salon) Ingushetia I go to the mosque, a church, a house of worship KB Dagestan I talk on the telephone with relatives or friends Chechnya Watch TV Do sports I communicate on social networks Internet (excluding social networks) I go for walks in the city/ village I go to theater, museums, movies Meet friends 10 0 0, 1 0, 2 0, 3 0, 4 0, 5 0, 6 0, 7
GEOGRAPHIC MOBILITY OF WOMEN AND ITS INTENSITY Has not gone abroad: Нas not been outside of North Caucasus: Chechnya- 88%; Dagestan- 75%; Kabardino-Balkaria - 85%; Ingushetia - 86% Chechnya- 41%; Dagestan - 30%; Kabardino-Balkaria – 35%; Ingushetia- 42% Has not been to other republics: Chechnya- 18%; Dagestan- 40%; Kabardino-Balkaria - 22%; Ingushetia -15% High percentage of women however regularly or occassionally visit other parts of Russia, and also travel to other republics or within their republic depends on age, level of education and family support more or less independent of: the place of residence (urban, rural) 11
WHAT DISTINGUISHES THE WOMEN OF YOUR REPUBLIC FROM THE WOMEN FROM OTHER REGIONS OF RUSSIA? Most common answers: Respect for tradition High morals Modesty Religiousness Less common: Individualism Leadership 12
WHAT DISTINGUISHES THE WOMEN OF YOUR REPUBLIC FROM THE WOMEN FROM OTHER REGIONS OF RUSSIA? TABLE 1. Beauty 2. Optimism 3. Independence, autonomy 4. Respect for tradition 5. Cheerfulness, kindness, compassion 6. Aggressiveness, angerь 7. Religiousness 8. Adherence to moral norms 9. Vulgarity 10. Obedience Chechnya Dagestan KB Ingushetia 22, 0% 32, 6% 18, 2% 36, 6% 17, 2% 11, 0% 8, 8% 14, 6% 15, 9% 7, 2% 9, 5% 51, 5% 64, 1% 49, 3% 56, 7% 28, 2% 26, 5% 17, 6% 20, 7% 4, 4% 6, 6% 5, 4% 2, 4% 40, 1% 39, 2% 18, 9% 45, 1% 32, 2% 23, 8% 14, 9% 12, 8% 2, 6% 3, 9% 3, 4% _ 29, 5% 30, 9% 19, 6% 25, 6% 13
WHAT DISTINGUISHES THE WOMEN OF YOUR REPUBLIC FROM THE WOMEN FROM OTHER REGIONS OF RUSSIA? TABLE 11. Strong will 12. Hard working, ambitiousness 13. Proactivity, Activeness 14. Education. 15. Ignorance 16. Individualism 17. Leadership 18. Trustfulness, Responsible 19. Spirituality 20. Love for their region 21. Modesty 26, 4% 9, 4% 13, 5% 17, 1% 50, 7% 61, 3% 45, 9% 43, 3% 15, 4% 7, 7% 11, 5% 9, 8% 9, 3% 5, 5% 6, 1% 4, 3% 18, 9% 17, 7% 1, 4% 1, 2% 4, 8% 1, 7% 5, 4% 1, 2% 7, 5% 2, 8% 3, 4% 3, 0% 23, 8% 17, 7% 21, 6% 18, 3% 21, 1% 12, 2% 8, 8% 6, 7% 17, 2% 27, 1% 27, 7% 21, 3% 26, 0% 34, 3% 38, 5% 54, 3% 14
Evaluation of Own Life and Status of Women in the Republic 15
MOST ACUTE PROBLEMS IN THE REPUBLICS Issues of material conditions and poor health care in the first place in all four republics High levels of unemployment: Acts of terrorism Kabardino-Balkaria – 25%; Dagestan – 10%; Chechnya – 5%; Ingushetia – 4% Consequences of military operations : Dagestan- 41%; Chechnya - 39% High crime rate: Dagestan- 46% Corruption: (4 th place) Ingushetia- 66%; Chechnya -52%; Kabardino-Balkaria – 46%; Dagestan – 44% Chechnya - 30%; Dagestan – 4% Polygamy: Chechnya- 18%; Dagestan - 6%; other republics 3 % 16
MOST ACUTE PROBLEMS IN THE REPUBLICS. GRAPH 17
MOST ACUTE PROBLEMS IN THE REPUBLICS Chechnya: Under develoved public transportation Drugs Dagestan: Low wages Terrorist attacks Kabardino-Balkaria: Radical Islamism Alcohol abuse Ingusthetia: High unemployment 18
Anticipation of the continuation of hostilities Insufficient number of cultural and entertainment events Terrorism / terrorist attacks Isolation from other regions of Russia High unemployment Low salaries Legal irregularity Corruption Inadequate public transport system Low quality of health care Polygamy Ingushetia KB Table 1. What issues concern the residents of your Republic the most? Dagestan Chechnya MOST ACUTE PROBLEMS IN THE REPUBLICS. TABLE 24, 1% 16, 5% 20, 9% 21, 3% 11, 8% 19, 2% 7, 2% 19, 5% 19, 7% 46, 2% 23, 7% 33, 5% 21, 5% 2, 2% 6, 5% 15, 2% 52, 2% 44, 0% 46, 0% 65, 9% 47, 4% 63, 7% 47, 5% 45, 7% 33, 8% 29, 7% 18, 7% 15, 2% 39, 5% 41, 2% 42, 4% 28, 7% 11, 4% 6, 6% 4, 3% 6, 7% 51, 8% 39, 6% 28, 8% 44, 5% 18, 4% 6, 0% 2, 9% 3, 0% 19
MOST ACUTE PROBLEMS IN THE REPUBLICS. TABLE Poor condition of roads Pressure from traditional values Alcohol abuse Drugs Physical and psychological trauma after the hostilities The spread of AIDS, hepatitis and other dangerous diseases High crime level The inaccessibility of higher education Impunity Inconsistent laws Radical Islam The strictness of religious norms 17, 1% 33, 0% 11, 5% 6, 7% 14, 0% 2, 7% 5, 8% 7, 3% 6, 1% 16, 5% 23, 0% 11, 6% 17, 1% 22, 5% 16, 5% 11, 6% 30, 3% 3, 8% 9, 4% 14, 6% 18, 0% 9, 3% 18, 0% 14, 6% 5, 3% 9, 9% 24, 5% 3, 7% 7, 5% 4, 4% 7, 9% 6, 7% 16, 2% 26, 4% 10, 1% 15, 2% 10, 5% 7, 7% 10, 8% 7, 3% 3, 9% 13, 2% 46, 8% 6, 1% 7, 5% 2, 7% 5, 0% 1, 2% 20
WHAT WOULD YOU LIKE TO CHANGE IN YOUR LIFE? GRAPH Grap 4. What would you change? I don't want to change anything Improve health Change your appearance Be able to make decisions for yourself Pay more attention to yourself Become independent Leave to another country Leave to another part of Russia Leave to another city Move into your own home Change profession Receive higher education Ingush etia Attend training courses Get a new position Quit your job, only take care of the home Spend time doing things you love Earn more money Change workplace Start working Devote more time to children Give birth Find another man Change the habits of her husband 21 Divorce Get married. 0% 10. 0% 20. 0% 30. 0% 40. 0% 50. 0% 60. 0%
STATE OF HEALTH Serious health problems: in all regions, except KB, about 20% Mild chronic diseases: Kabardino-Balkaria - 41 %; Chechnya - 24%; Dagestan - 21%; Ingushetia 30% No health problems: Kabardino-Balkaria-12%; Chechnya and Ingushetia - over 10%; Dagestan 4% difference within the republics depends significantly on respondents age over the years the number of cases increases. 22
STATE OF HEALTH. GRAPH Figure 5. Health status 100% 10, 2% 4, 4% 11, 5% 10, 4% 12, 8% 15, 9% 90% 80% 21, 8% 31, 7% No health problems 70% 60% 25, 7% 24, 4% 21, 3% are rare 23, 3% 50% Health problems No serious illnesses, but sometimes problems 40% 24, 4% 20, 6% 30, 5% 41, 2% Mild chronic diseases 20% 10% 22, 2% 20, 0% 18, 9% Serious chronic diseases 8, 8% 0% Chechnya Dagestan KB Ingushetia 23
IN YOUR REPUBLIC WOMEN LIVE. . . Hard, difficult lives: 78% - Chechnya; 60% - Dagestan; Kabardino. Balkaria - 44%; Ingushetia- 48% Easy lives: Chechnya- 8%; Dagestan and Kabardino-Balkaria 11 %; Ingushetia- 9% 24
IN YOUR REPUBLIC WOMEN LIVE. . . GRAPH Figure 6. In your republic women live 100% 43, 9% 80% 60% 58, 9% Harder lives than in other regions of Russia 77, 7% 10, 8% 40% 20% 48, 1% 8, 6% Easier lives than in other regions of Russia 10, 6% 7, 6% 45, 3% 43, 2% 30, 6% Similar lives to other regions of Russia 14, 7% 0% Chechnya Dagestan KB Ingushetia 25
WHAT PROBLEMS DO WOMEN OF YOUR REPUBLIC FACE THE MOST? Chechnya: low wages - 30%; the need to combine work and household duties - 45%; health problems - 46%; lack of equality - 51%; restrictions on freedom of women 42%; being controlled by men - 45%; strict religious standards - 33%; domestic violence - 21%; the lack of protection in cases of violence and injustice – 35% Dagestan: low wages - 55%; the need to combine work and household duties - 35%; health problems - 39%; lack of equality - 42%; restrictions on freedom of women 38%; being controlled by men - 41%; strict religious standards - 19%; the lack of protection in cases of violence and injustice - 19%; domestic violence - 10% 26
WHAT PROBLEMS DO WOMEN OF YOUR REPUBLIC FACE THE MOST? Kabardino-Balkaria: low wages - 72%; the need to combine work and household duties - 47%; health problems - 43%; lack of equality - 41%; restrictions on freedom of women - 7%; being controlled by men - 36%; strict religious standards - 17%; domestic violence - 3%; the lack of protection in cases of violence and injustice - 24% Ingushetia: low wages - 46%; the need to combine work and household duties - 39%; health problems - 55%; lack of equality - 26%; restrictions on freedom of women - 36%; being controlled by men - 31%; strict religious standards - 15%; domestic violence 8%; the lack of protection in cases of violence and injustice 13% 27
WHAT PROBLEMS DO YOU SEE MOST OFTEN FACED BY WOMEN OF YOUR REPUBLIC? Graph 7. 1. Problems for women in your republic No problems The need to wear covering clothing Pressure of local traditions Under valued position Low salaries Good education not available Domestic violence Ingushetia ‘ ”Double Burden” KB Lack of protection in violent situations Dagestan Excessive amount of household chores Chechnya Women’s opinions regarded as meaningless Health problems The need to follow religious norms Women have less rights Being controlled by men 28 Limited liberty , 0% 10, 0% 20, 0% 30, 0% 40, 0% 50, 0% 60, 0% 70, 0% 80, 0%
Family life and relationships 29
MONOGAMOUS / POLYGAMOUS MARRIAGES Monogamous relationships Chechnya- 84 % Dagestan - 94% Kabardino-Balkaria – 91% !!! 36% (in the age group 17 -30 years) – in polygamous relationships Polygamy - externally imposed phenomenon, may spread into the country under the influence of Islamic values and traditions Ingushetia– 95% 30
CHECHNYA the highest percentage of polygamy - 16% even higher in the middle age group (31 -45 years) 28% are in a marriage where husband has other wives correlation with education - the highest percentage of polygamous relationships for women with primary and lower secondary education - 33. 3% 23% - in a happy marriage, and satisfied with her husband, 20% - not satisfied with her husband 57% rate their family life as conflicting 27% - forced into marriage by parents (in the 61+ age group - more than 40%) 65% of forced marriages end in divorce 31
DAGESTAN 61% - married on their own 47% - are satisfied with relationship with her husband 37% - assesses their family life as conflicting 16% - not satisfied with her husband 32
KABARDINO-BALKARIA 25% - satisfied with the relationship with her husband 18% - are not fully satisfied with relationship with her husband 42% - married forcefully by parents (46% in the age group of 46 -60 years and 62% in the 61+ group) 33
INGUSHETIA 45% - relationships with husband are fully and partially satisfied 10% - unhappy in family life 62% - married on their own (in the youngest age group - 94%, in the oldest - 55%) clearly demonstrates the growing level of autonomy of women in the republic, as in the younger age group no women are married by force, and at the age of 31 -45 years only 20%. 34
MONOGAMY / POLYGAMY. TABLE 61 год и старше 46 -60 лет 31 -45 лет 17 -30 лет Chechnya Age I am the only wife 83, 8% 86, 2% 71, 9% 92, 0% 87, 1% I am not the only wife 16, 2% 13, 8% 28, 1% 8, 0% 12, 9% 117 29 32 25 31 61 год и старше 46 -60 лет 17 -30 лет 31 -45 лет Age Dagsstan Number of respondents I am the only wife 94, 2% 89, 5% 97, 0% 93, 1% 100, 0% I am not the only wife 5, 8% 10, 5% 3, 0% 6, 9% , 0% 86 19 33 29 5 Number of respondents 35
MONOGAMY / POLYGAMY. TABLE 61 years and older 46 -60 years 31 -45 years KB 17 -30 years Age I am the only wife 91, 6% 64, 3% 93, 5% 97, 4% 100, 0% I am not the only wife 8, 4% 35, 7% 6, 5% 2, 6% , 0% 95 14 31 38 12 61 years and older 46 -60 years 17 -30 years 31 -45 years Age Ingushetia Number of respondents 95, 0% 94, 4% 93, 3% 95, 0% 100, 0% I am not the only wife 5, 0% 5, 6% 6, 7% 5, 0% Number of respondents 100 18 30 40 12 I am the only wife 36
ATTITUDE TO POLYGAMY 37
REASONS FOR DIVORCE: Four groups cheating husband or wife having another (1 st place in Chechnya) Conflicts with spouse’s family (mentioned in all the republics, except Ingushetia) Family / domestic violence, beatings, humiliation alcohol or drug addiction of her husband (1 st place in Kabardino-Balkaria) 38
DOES NOT WANT TO GET MARRIED Does not seek to get married (including widows): : Chechnya and Ingushetia - 40%; Dagestan - about 20% In the youngest age group, there are girls who do not want to get married (Chechnya - 6% of the Kabardino -Balkaria - 7%; Dagestan - 3% of Ingushetia - 13%) In the older age groups figures reach 100% (Chechnya - women aged 46 -60 - 100%; women from 61 the year 80%) 39
Chechnya Dagestan KB Ingushetia WANT TO GET MARRIED Yes, in the near future 12, 0% 17, 6% 12, 5% 7, 7% Yes, but I don’t know when 30, 1% 35, 3% 42, 5% 30, 8% No, it is not planned 19, 3% 27, 5% 12, 5% 23, 1% 38, 6% 19, 6% 32, 5% 38, 5% 83 51 40 52 No, I do not want to Number of respondents 40
CHILDREN About 72% of all respondents have children The older age group Chechnya- 96%; Dagestan- 75% At a young age (17 -30 years): Chechnya -29%; Dagestan – 44% 41
CONTRACEPTION Most women do not use any type of contraception when planning pregnancy Most popular - Intrauterine device and abortion indicates a very low level of sexual education and possibly of strong cultural and religious prejudices against modern contraceptives 42
Condom Hormonal contraceptives (pills, drops, etc. ) Intrautenrine device Sterilization or tubal litigation Abortion No contraception used Ingushetia KB Dagestan Calender-based contraceptive method Chechnya CONTRACEPTION 5, 6% 7, 1% 9, 5% 4, 9% 1, 1% 10, 4% 8, 2% 4, 9% 7, 3% 10, 4% 5, 4% 9, 3% 28, 1% 1, 1% 20, 1% 1, 9% 12, 9% 2, 7% 26, 5% , 0% 19, 1% 17, 5% 12, 9% 5, 6% 56, 2% 50, 6% 51, 7% 63, 0% 43
THE DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLD DUTIES the majority of women in all the republics are inclined towards egalitarian relationships and the balance of family and work Kabardino-Balkaria: majority think "the traditional division of roles” are right Women the homemakers, men the breadwinners 44
Both partners will equally work and perform household duties and child-caring Both spouses work, while the wife will do most of the household chores and child-caring Man is working and financially provides for the family, and wife will keep house and raise the children Other Hard to answer KB Ingushetia Dagestan Chechnya THE DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLD DUTIES. TABLE. 42, 0% 57, 8% 15, 4% 26, 8% 31, 4% 9, 4% 18, 8% 11, 6% 21, 2% 25, 6% 15, 4% 31, 7% , 9% , 0% 2, 7% , 0% 4, 4% 7, 2% 47, 7% 29, 9% 45
A Woman's Place: Self-Awareness, Violence, Help 46
DO YOU FEEL HAPPY? Almost always: Sometimes: Ingushetia -18%; Chechnya - 17%; Dagestan - 15%; Kabardino-Balkaria - 13% Never: Chechnya - 50%; Dagestan - 40%; Kabardino-Balkaria 36%; Ingushetia - 37% Rarely: Dagestan - 31%; Chechnya – 24% Ingushetia – 6%; Kabardino-Balkaria - > 1% Difficult to say: Kabardino-Balkaria – 25% shows contradictory feelings, the difficulty of assessing their emotional state 47
EVALUATION OF ONE’S OWN LIFE Graph 7. 2 Evaluation of one’s own life No problems The need to wear covering clothing Pressure of local traditions Under valued position Low salaries Good education not available Domestic violence Ingushetia “Double Burden” KB Dagestan Lack of protection in violent situations Chechnya Excessive amount of household chores Women’s opinions regarded as meaningless Health problems The need to follow religious norms Women have less rights Being controlled by men Limited liberty , 0% 48 10, 0% 20, 0% 30, 0% 40, 0% 50, 0% 60, 0% 70, 0%
FACTORS AFFECTING THE HAPPINESS OF WOMEN Education: Chechnya: almost always happy when she has a specialized secondary education (26%) and higher education (28%); with primary and secondary education 14% Living Environment: no difference between the self-awareness of rural and urban women in Chechnya and Ingushetia Women living in cities are happier in Dagestan - 7% and Kabardino-Balkaria- 11% Age and Marital Status: Happier- young women, unmarried women who do not have children Less happy –women above the age of 60, divorced and widowed • 49
WITH WHOM DO YOU SHARE YOUR EXPERIENCES AND DISCUSS YOUR ISSUES? With sister: With mother: Chechnya - 35%; With female friends: Chechnya - 55%; Dagesta - 41%; Ingushetia - 46%; Kabardino. Balkaria - 35% Dagestan - 40%; Ingushetia - 30%; Kabardino-Balkaria - 37% With no one: Kabardino-Balkaria– 26% family ties and relationships are the strongest and most important for the women of Chechnya woman Kabardino-Balkaria value individualism and personal relationships outside the family difference in the responses by age and marital status: in Chechnya, 60% of young women discuss problems with her mother; women over 60: 63% - with his sister, 65% - with other women relatives, 25% - with brother 50
WHAT WOULD YOU LIKE TO CHANGE IN YOUR LIFE? Chechnya: 35% - devote more time to themselves; 34% - to be independent; 16% move to another country; 24% - to pursue higher education; 40% - to attend additional training courses; 29% - to start working; 27% - change some habits of her husband; 16% - to change your appearance Dagestan: 52% - to improve health; 25% - change some habits of her husband; 16% - to change your appearance Ingushetia: 35% - devote more time to themselves; 4% - to change your appearance Kabardino-Balkaria: 47% - to move into their own home; 46% - to change the profession; 32% - to be independent; 31% - change some habits of her husband; 16% - to change your appearance; 15% - do not want to change anything The difference is also evident in the different age groups: young women: marriage, education mature women: career, obtaining additional education, own a house, children older women: health, improvement of financial situation, their own home, independence 51
PROBLEMS IN THEIR LIVES Chechnya: 24% - do not have access to the family budget and are not involved in making financial decisions; 23% - can not to schedule their free time; 44% - criticism of appearance, manners or mental abilities; 42% - jealousy; 41% - a barrier to communication with friends Physical violence: 11% - sometimes subjected to beatings, 28% - get slapped or pushed, 8% - were raped Dagestan: 18% - displays of jealousy; 22% - insults, criticism of appearance, manners and intelligence and the inability to dispose of their free time Physical violence: 21% - pushes, slaps; 12% - beating 52
PROBLEMS IN THEIR LIVES Kabardino-Balkaria: 30% - displays of jealousy; 19% - prevented from wish to study or work Physical violence: 7% - slapping or pushed; 6% punching or different objects Ingushetia 10% - control of free time; 9% - a barriers to communication with friends; 24% - manifestations of jealousy; 5% - the threat of kidnap or abduction of children Physical violence: 14% - slapping, pushing or kicking 53
PROBLEMS IN THEIR LIVES GRAPH 54
WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT VIOLENCE FACED OTHER WOMEN? Chechnya: 65% - kicks, pushes and slaps; 58% - name-calling and insults; 43% - were expelled from house Physical violence: 17% - forced sex, 18% - the threat of weapons Dagestan: 36% - displays of jealousy; 18% - the threat of kidnap or abduction of children Physical violence: 34% - poking, kicking and slapping; 29% - punching or hit with different objects; 14% rape 55
WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT VIOLENCE FACED OTHER WOMEN? Kabardino-Balkaria: 40% - manifestation of jealousy; 19% - insults; 26% control the husband of the family budget; 24% obstacle desire to work, study Physical violence: 22% - slapping, kicking, pushing; 16% - punching; 14% - forced sex Ingushetia: 20% - over control of the family budget; 20% prevented from wish to work or study; 20% - control of free time; 37% - display of jealousy Physical violence: 3% - rape 56
WHO IS THE MOST LIKELY TO COMMIT VIOLENCE? Husband: Chechnya -73% Dagestan -71% KB – 86% Ingushetia - 80% Mother-in-law: Chechnya – 33% KB– 21%. 57
WHO DO YOU CALL FOR HELP IN A SITUATION OF VIOLENCE? Mother: Sister: Chechnya – 34%; Dagestan – 28%; Kabarnio-Balkaria– 28% I don’t have someone: Chechnya - 38%; Dagestan– 29%; Ingushetia – 36% Female Friend: Chechnya – 43%; Dagestan – 39%; Ingushetia - 25% Kabardino-Balkaria - 49%; Ingushetia - 41% Non-governmental organanizations (NGOs): Chechnya – 4%; Kabardino-Balkaria- 3%; Dagestan - 1% Ingushetian women do not contact these organizations at all 58
LEGAL TRIANGLE Adats (customary law) Islam (Sharia law) Russian Legislation (common law) 59
WHY DO YOU NOT ASK FOR THE HELP? I don’t want to: Shame: Chechnya - 23% (especially women over 60 years – 33%); Ingushetia - 17% (Most in women from 46 to 60 years) Afraid: Chechnya -61%; Dagestan- 68%; Kabardino-Balkaria - 44%; Ingushetia - 57% Chechnya – 7%; Ingushetia- 9% Not accepted: Dagestan -19% (Most – women from 46 – 60 years ); Kabardino-Balkaria- 39% 60
DO YOU PERSONALLY KNOW WOMEN WHO ARE REGULARLY BEATEN BY THEIR HUSBANDS? Relatives § Neighbors: Dagestan - 27% Female friends: Chechnya - 43%; Ingushetia - 11% Kabardino-Balkaria - 14% Not aware: Chechnya - 29% 61
Yes, my relatives Yes, my female friends Yes, my neighbours No, in my social surroundings it does not happen to woman. KB Ingushetia Dagestan Chechnya DO YOU PERSONALLY KNOW WOMEN WHO ARE REGULARLY BEATEN BY THEIR HUSBANDS. TABLE 42, 6% 20, 6% 8, 2% 10, 8% 21, 5% 19, 4% 14, 3% 3, 4% 28, 7% 26, 5% 5, 1% 4, 1% 28, 7% 49, 7% 77, 6% 82, 4% 62
Скачать презентацию LIVES AND PROBLEMS OF WOMEN IN THE NORTH
e3b7f6786ce66d626740e067e7411ec2.ppt