Listing Arguments Here are the facts we

Listing Arguments • Here are the facts we all must confront. • • First, the number of Palestinians living west of the Jordan River is. . • . . . . , technology will make it harder for Israel to defend itself. • . . , a new generation of Arabs is reshaping the region.

Adding a point First, Second, Third • sounds unnatural to do this more than three times • Do not use fourthly and fifthly !!!!!! • to start with, initially, furthermore, moreover, plus, what is more, besides, in addition, on top of that, • ultimately – finally, in the end

ultimately • 1. finally, after everything else has been considered, - eventually • Ultimately, you'll have to decide for yourself. • 2. at the most basic and important level • All life depends ultimately on oxygen. • . . . a long but ultimately successful campaign

Enumeration • a cataloguing of what is being said • BEGINNING OF A DESCENDING ORDER • first and foremost • first and most importantly

mark the END OF ASCENDING ORDER • • above all most important of all; especially Above all, keep in touch. Perhaps above all, in terms of the causes of the Arab Spring, . . • last but not least • not less important than the others

condition -IF • • • If. . . . . Britain leaves, on condition that, assuming that, provided that, supposing that,

Giving evidence-examples • UKIP leader Nigel Farage says some countries have thrived outside the EU, • . . . , Swiss and Norway. • for example; for instance; namely; an example of this is/ are, . . is a case in point • notably; chiefly; mainly;

a case in point- a relevant example • Now, as a case in point, let's look at nineteenth-century England. • The Cuban missile crisis is a case in point. • Let´s take it as a case in point.

Contrast • On the one hand, Norway and Switzerland have access to the single market but are not bound by EU laws on agriculture, fisheries, etc. • . . , both countries - Norway and Switzerland, have to abide by many EU rules without any influence over how they are formed.

Contrast – linkers • however, on the one hand … on the other hand, by contrast, conversely, • in contrast to. . , on the contrary, but, • yet

templates = models • On the other side of the coin, interest in Japan has peaked at new record levels. • In contrast, the south suffered very little hurricane damage. • ‘It must have been terrible. ’ ‘On the contrary, I enjoyed every minute. ’

Conversely • Conversely, this means excluding or limiting immigration won’t necessarily lift wages or benefit natives in other ways. • You can add the fluid to the powder, or, conversely, the powder to the fluid.

But = Contrast, Concession • I have not been well recetly. Still, it could be worse. • Nick is in love with Rita, however, in in love with Toma. • Everyone thought that Ema should accept the offer. Nevertheless/All the same, she turned it over. • I do no want to be late. On the other hand, I do not want to get there early.

Concession = admittedly • indicates –the previous view is accepted with reservations •

Conceding • If off out. . . , millions of jobs could be lost as global manufacturers move to lower-cost EU countries. • . . . , with medium-sized firms freed from EU regulation, there could be a jobs boom. • Although, Inspite of the fact, though • However, Nevertheless, Still, Yet, Even so

Despite, Inspite of, Even though, Though

templates • ‘Although / even though / in spite of the fact that the pupils had not studied, they all passed their exams’ • ‘He was quite ill however/ nevertheless/ even so, he went to school. • The book is short but / yet interesting’

Although= While, whilst • In formal contexts with a similar meaning to although • To qualify st. what is said in the main clause, st. it may seem in conflict with it • While/ Whilst = although • there is no evidence Peter cheated, we were all astonished he passed the exam.

While, whilst • come before or within the main clause, but not ! ! ! after it • We were all astonished Peter passed the exam, NOT ! ! ! while/ whilst there is no evidence Peter cheated.

While/ Wheras = Contrast • While /whereas Sue gets very litte, Dave gets lots of homework, • The West is going throug a period of recession whereas/while China is expanding.

Although = While • ! ! ! Although / While Ann´s father comes from Spain, she does not speak Spanish • NOT Whereas - where what is said in the subordinate clause makes what is said in the main clause unexpected.

all/just the same = nevertheless • He's not very reliable, but I like him just the same. • ‘Will you stay for lunch? ’ ‘No, but thanks all the same. ’ • All the same, there's some truth in what she says.

In contrast = however, nevertherles, inspite, despite • In contrast to China´s rapid expansion, the West is going through a period of recession. • -comparing 2 items to show differences

Reformulation, • expressing something in another way • in other words, that is to say, to put it more simply, to put it another way, simply put

By way of summary - in a few words • J. Carter hoped for greater trust between the two nations, more trade, more cultural exchanges - in short, a genuine peace. • In brief, the meeting was a disaster. • To put it in a nutshell, we're bankrupt.

specifying • The most overriding task of the US should be the stopping of Soviet expansion. . . . • More concretely, the Soviet military threat. • more pointedly, to be more exact, more exactly, in particular, particularly

Clarifying = more correctly speaking • She worked as a secretary, or rather, a personal assistant. • my father, or rather my stepfather • • used to correct something you have said, or to give more accurate information better to say

-in the strict sense of the word • - being completely accurate • Strictly, Strictly speaking, the idea of the lack of cooperation among states is absolutly wrong.

Logical relations • The UN Special Commission has promised to take further steps. • . . . . , all peace-keeping forces have been withdrawn. • As a result /Accordingly/Thus/Hence, • Therefore, So, Consequently, For this reason,

Giving Reasons • Britain could not negotiate an "amicable divorce„ and retain strong trading links with EU nations. . . • . . . France, Germany would never allow Britain a "pick and mix" approach to the bloc's rules. • since, because, as, inasmuch as, in that, seeing that, on account of

templates • Because / as / since / seeing that it’s late, we should go home • Because of / on account of / owing to / due to the weather, we stayed at home

Because = as, owing to, due to

Because = in that, inasmuch as,

Similarity • Laurent Fabius warned: "You can't do Europe a la carte". • . . . , Guido Westerwelle said "cherry picking is not an option". • Similarly, in the same way, alike

Similarity • • Swiss as well as Norway Politicians and voters alike are too concer ned with short-term problems Swiss and Norway alike have decided for. .

Viewpoint –spoken from

Comment adverbs

needless to say-as is self-evident • used to emphasize that the information you are giving is obvious • The problem, needless to say, is the cost involved. • Needless to say, we're on a very tight budget.

Changing the subject • In sofar as/ As far as. . . is concerned • As for. . • On the question of. . . • When it comes to. . . • As concerns. . . • As regards. . .

templates = models • On the issue of whether Ukraine should orient itself more towards the EU or Russia • As for security, every state has the right to self-defense. . . • When it comes to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, . . .

Giving authority - Direct speech • "Any violation of Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity would be deeply destabilising, . . " Obama said. • He added: "Just days after the world came to Russia for the Olympic games, . . . " • As Nye puts it, "A world composed of greatly unequal units. . "

templates = models • In the final part of the Theses, Marx writes: "Philosophers have only interpreted the world in various ways. . . " • Sachs concludes: "The idea of development stands today like a ruin in the intellectual landscape…" (Sachs, 1992: 156). As Smith argues: "In the past, the purpose of education was to. . " (Smith , 2000: 150). As Carnoy (2004: 215) states: "there are many good reasons to be sceptical".

Indirect reporting speech • • Smith points out , holds argues maintains that. . . claims concludes suggests points to the fact. .

templates = models • Waltz holds that interdependence is relatively low in the present bipolar system. . . In his view, real interdependence requires. . . .

templates = models • According to Smith (2003), preventative strikes are far more effective. . . • As Smith reminds us, . . • Elsewhere, Smith has argued that. . • Smith (2003) points to the fact that • Recent evidence suggests that. . (Smith, 1996; Jones 1999; Johnson, 2001) • elsewhere - in, at another place

Quotations- adding • On the issue Mr Kozhara also pointed out that "there are eight million ethnic Russians living in the country". • He went on to say it seemed that his claim to have been kidnapped and tortured was not absolutely true

opposing views • Brzezinski counters that for China, the benefits of pushing the U. S. out of Asia will be outweighed by the rise of a nationalistic Japan

Opposing views • Lampton counters Mann by stating/arguing that the building of democratic institutions takes time, . . . • Mann, on the other hand argues that American scholars, and policy-makers need to foster more important institutional structures in China,

hereinafter – hereafter = from now on • (from this point on; in a subsequent part of this document, an abbreviated term will be used) • The Central Intelligence Agency (hereinafter referred to as CIA, or hereinafter abbreviated as CIA)

Graphs, Charts • As the graph/table/chart illustrates • As the article/document/survey demonstrates/mentions. . . • As can be seen from the experiment/data/diagram. . . .

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