Linking Water and Energy Sectors for Sustainable Groundwater Use Christopher Scott USAID Water Team cscott@usaid. gov (www. usaid. gov) and International Water Management Institute c. scott@cgiar. org (www. iwmi. org)
The Energy-Water Nexus A USAID initiative to address crosssectoral linkages in India, with significant implications for water management in Latin America, specifically areas of significant groundwater extraction.
Groundwater in India 2 Half of all irrigation from groundwater 2 Total carbon emissions to increase by ± 5% for each additional meter of aquifer decline 2 Agricultural pumping accounts for Û 30% of all electrical power consumed Ûless than 5% of electrical utility revenues
The Agricultural Nexus AGRICULTURE INCREASED GHG ENERGY SECTOR INEFFICIENCIES ENERGY SECTOR LOW ENERGY PRICES UNRELIABL E ENERGY SUPPLY (INTERMITT ENT, IMPROPER TIMING, 11 KVUNEVEN 400 V VOLTAGE) OVERSIZED PUMP MOTORS PUMPS RUN CONTINUOUSLY DIESEL PUMPS NEEDED ENERGY WASTAGE INCREASED GHG ENERGY SECTOR IN NEED OF REFORM EVEN LARGER PUMPS NEEDED WATER SECTOR LOW WATER PRICES NO WATER STORAGE WATER SECTOR IN NEED OF REFORM AGRICULTURAL SECTOR CROP PRICE SUPPORTS POOR CROPPING PATTERNS INPUT SUBSIDIES POOR AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES WATER WASTAGE MORE SURFACE WATER DIVERSION NEEDED (DAMS) AQUIFER DEPLETION NON-POINT SOURCE POLLUTION GROUND AND SURFACE WATER CONTAMINATION REDUCED AGRICULTUR AL PRODUCTIVIT Y ENVIRONMENT AL IMPACTS HUMAN HEALTH IMPACTS
The Urban Nexus URBAN INADEQUATE MUNICIPAL WASTE MANAGEMENT INCL. POOR MONITORING AND ENFORCMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL REGS SOLID WASTE ENERGY SECTOR LOW ENERGY PRICES ENERGY SECTOR IN NEED OF REFORM UNRELIABLE ENERGY SUPPLY (INTERMITTEN T) WATER SECTOR OVERPUMPIN G ENERGY WASTAGE SYSTEM ENERGY INEFFICIENCIES URBAN SECTOR EXPANDING URBAN POPULATIONS INADEQUATE MUNICIPAL FINANCES AND CAPACITY UNPRESSURIZED PIPES HUMAN HEALTH IMPACTS METHANE GAS EMISSION S INCREASED GHG UNTREATE LANDFIL D L EFFLUENT LEACHAT E WATER- AND ENERGYINTENSIVE WASTEWATER TREATMENT TREATED EFFLUEN T WATER SYSTEM LOSSES DEFICIENT MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM WATER TARIFFS LOW WATER SECTOR IN NEED OF REFORM INCREASED WATER DEMAND DEVELOPMENT OF ALTERNATIVE WATER SOURCES (BORE WELLS, TANKERS, ETC. ) WATER AND ENERGY USE INEFFICIENC ES (ALL SECTORS) SEWAGE LIMITED REUSE WATER WASTAGE MORE SURFACE WATER DIVERSION NEEDED (DAMS) AQUIFER DEPLETION GROUND AND SURFACE WATER CONTAMINATION ECONOMI C IMPACTS ENVIRONMENT AL IMPACTS HUMAN HEALTH IMPACTS
Coordinating Energy and Water Sector Policy 2 Improve power supply reliability. ÛFarmers willing to pay more for better power service? ÛOff peak (night) supply to agriculture 2 Increase revenues from agricultural consumers. ÛPricing, pricing ÛIrrigation equipment distributors crucial
Cross-Sectoral Linkages Agriculture 2 Disproportionately bears load shedding 2 Erratic power supply may increase pumping 2 Significant rural “vote bank” affects national energy and water policy Urban (incl. industry) 2 Indirect subsidization of agricultural energy consumption 2 De facto wastewater treatment through wastewater irrigation 2 Water-wastewater swapping potential
USAID Water and Energy Projects in Latin America (contact Morris Israel, misrael@usaid. gov) ÛMicro-hydropower ÛAgriculture (including groundwater) ÛUrban water and wastewater ÛUrban industrial activities (water and energy efficiency audits)
Applications Water Supply Safe, reliable, and convenient water supply is critical. PV and wind pumping - Economicallyrational choice in remote areas where the water table is deep, well-volumes high, and resource widely dispersed - the physical burden and animal and/or human powered pumping can be inefficient and fuel supply and maintenance for conventional diesels is expensive End-uses: irrigation, livestock, and household needs USAID/Office of Energy, Environment and Technology 9
Sur, Case Study Agua Blanca, Baja CA Mexico Site: Agua Blanca ranch site Installation: 800 Wp PV Water Pumping Installation: 10 KC 80 modules, Solarjack SCS-14 -160 pump and controller After six years the PV system represents a lower overall cost. USAID/Office of Energy, Environment and Technology 10
Case Study Jeromin, Chihuahua, Mexico Site: Jeromin ranch Installation: 848 Wp PV Water Pumping - 16 Solarex VRX-53 modules, Grundfos SP 3 A-10 pump, and controller. After two years the PV system represents a lower overall cost. USAID/Office of Energy, Environment and Technology 11
International Water Management Institute (IWMI, member of CGIAR) 2 Activities worldwide focusing on water scarcity 2 Integrated water resources management emphasis 2 Groundwater management a critical component
Groundwater overdraft in Mexico 2 Despite official bans in many areas, there has been rapid expansion of groundwater extraction 2 For example, in the Lerma-Chapala basin in west-central Mexico, aquifer overdraft is 1 km 3 per year (equal to approx. 15% of total renewable water resources) 2 Lerma aquifers declining 1. 8 m/year
Energy Linkages with GW 2 Tarifa 09 for agricultural use is subsidized, compared to other non-agricultural uses 2 Limiting withdrawals has been attempted through sizing of transformers 2 Little explicit coordination between water (CNA) and power (CFE) authorities to more effectively address this issue.
Promising New Initiative Comités Técnicos de Aguas (COTAS) 2 Aquifer user management groups 2 Intersectoral representation 2 Sustainable aquifer management goal
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