Linguistics Sociolinguistics Regional and Social Varieties Sociolinguistics Regional

Linguistics Sociolinguistics: Regional and Social Varieties Sociolinguistics: Regional & Social Varieties Presentation © Carsten Litterscheidt, 19 Jan 2006 Reference works: • Holmes, Janet. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. London et. al. : Longman, 1996. • Mesthrie, Rajend, ed. Concise Encyclopedia of Sociolinguistics. Amsterdam et. al. : Elsevier, 2001. • Romaine, Suzanne. Language in society: an introduction to sociolinguistics. Oxford et. al. : Oxford UP, 1994. • Trudgill, Peter. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to language and society. London et al. : Penguin Books, 1983. • Wardhaugh, Ronald. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 4 th ed. Malden et. al. : Blackwell, 2002. Seminar: Examenskolloquium Linguistik 0 Winter Term 05/06

Linguistics Sociolinguistics: Regional and Social Varieties Outline of Presentation I. What is Sociolinguistics? II. A brief account on the history of Sociolinguistics (SL) III. How do sociolinguists work? IV. Regional Variation: The starting point V. Social Variation VI. Sociolinguistic competence Seminar: Examenskolloquium Linguistik 0 Winter Term 05/06

Linguistics Sociolinguistics: Regional and Social Varieties I. What is Sociolinguistics? One possible definition: The study of the relationship between language (lge) and society Sociology vs. Sociolinguistics Sociologists (among others) study the Sociolinguists effect of lge on society effect of society on lge A more precise definition: “[Sociolinguists] are interested in explaining why we speak differently in different social contexts, and they are concerned with identifying the social functions of language and the ways it is used to convey social meaning. ” (Janet Holmes) Seminar: Examenskolloquium Linguistik 0 Winter Term 05/06

Linguistics Sociolinguistics: Regional and Social Varieties II. A brief account on the history of SL • Forerunners of SL: the founders of the study of lge, culture and cognition • Franz Boas • Leonard Bloomfield ethnographical approach to linguistics • Edward Sapir • Term first mentioned in 1952 by Haver Currie (poet and philosopher) • “Sociolinguistics” became an independent area of research in the early 1960 s • SL chiefly influenced by: • historical and comparative linguistics interest in dialects, because they could help explain/varify theories on lge change previously based on written material • anthropology • dialectology Seminar: Examenskolloquium Linguistik 0 Winter Term 05/06

Linguistics Sociolinguistics: Regional and Social Varieties II. A brief account on the history of SL • First significant works: • 1953: Uriel Weinreich’s Languages in Contact (a structural and social account on bilingualism) • 1953: Einar Haugen’s study of the social history of the Norwegian lge in America • 1962: Martin Joos’ study on the dimensions of style • The Chomskyan/Generative vs. Sociolinguistic approach • Chomsky: what can be generated in lge by what means • SL: what can be said in a language, by whom, to whom, in whose presence, when and where, in what manner, and under what social circumstances Seminar: Examenskolloquium Linguistik 0 Winter Term 05/06

Linguistics Sociolinguistics: Regional and Social Varieties III. How do Sociolinguists work? Q 1: Why do we say the same thing in different ways? Example: adressing & greeting Margaret leaves her office: Mike (her colleague): “Goodbye Margaret. ” Margaret Mike: “Goodbye Mike. ” Jill (her secretary): “Goodbye Ms Walker. ” Margaret Jill: “Goodbye Jill. ” Andy (the caretaker): “Bye Mrs Walker. ” Margaret Andy: colleagues = same status “Goodbye Andy. ” employer / employee = formal employer / employee = informal? Margaret arrives at home: young, casual, short, indifferent? Jamie (her son): “Hi mum!” Her mother: “Hello dear, have a good day? ” old, intimate, friendly Her husband: “You’re late again…” Seminar: Examenskolloquium Linguistik 0 intimate, no salutation, annoyed Winter Term 05/06

Linguistics Sociolinguistics: Regional and Social Varieties III. How do Sociolinguists work? Q 2: What are the different ways we say things? Example: different accent use Sam: “You seen our ‘enry’s new ‘ouse yet? It’s in ‘alton you know. ” Jim: “I have indeed. I could hardly miss it Sam. Your Henry now owns the biggest house in Halton. ” Sam = use vernacular/dialect? Jim = speaker language? Seminar: Examenskolloquium Linguistik 0 Winter Term 05/06

Linguistics Sociolinguistics: Regional and Social Varieties III. How do Sociolinguists work? Sociolinguists investigate varieties (codes) • Variety = a set of linguistic forms used under specific social circumstances accents, linguistic styles, dialects, different lges in contrast with each other • Varieties make up the linguistic repertoire of each member of a speech community Procedural steps of investigation: 1) Identify the linguistic variation involved (e. g. a dialect feature like [h]-dropping) 2) Identify the different social or non-linguistic factors which lead the speaker to use that particular form rather than another 3) Generalization: Is it possible to determine why particular social factors lead to the use of one set of forms rather than another? 4) describe generalizations in the form of ‘sociolinguistic universals’ Seminar: Examenskolloquium Linguistik 0 Winter Term 05/06

Linguistics Sociolinguistics: Regional and Social Varieties III. How do Sociolinguists work? What are the social factors involved? • Participants: who talks to whom? • Setting: where are they speaking? • Topic: what are they talking about? • Function: why are they speaking? What social dimensions are involved in sociolinguistic analysis? • Solidarity / social distance intimacy vs. distance of interlocutors • Status / power superiority vs. subordination of interlocutors • Formality high vs. low formality (setting / type of interaction) • Function referential (“objective” information content, e. g. news report) vs. affective function (subjective, affective content, e. g. tell about feelings) Seminar: Examenskolloquium Linguistik 0 Winter Term 05/06

Linguistics Sociolinguistics: Regional and Social Varieties IV. Regional Variation: The starting point International variation Example: A British visitor to New Zealand decided while he was in Auckland he would look up an old friend from his war days. He found the address, walked up the path and knocked on the door. ‘Gidday’, said the young man opened the door. ‘What can I do for you? ’ ‘I’ve called to see me old mate Don Stone’, said the visitor. ‘Oh he’s dead now mate. ’ said the young man. The visitor was about to express condolences when he was thumped on the back by Don Stone himself. The young man had said ‘Here’s dad now mate’, as his father came in the gate. different dialects differences in pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar Seminar: Examenskolloquium Linguistik 0 Winter Term 05/06

Linguistics Sociolinguistics: Regional and Social Varieties IV. Regional Variation: The starting point Intra-national / intra-continental variation Example: Rob: “This wheel’s completely disjaskit. ” Alan: “I might could get it changed. ” Rob: “You couldn’t do nothing of the sort. It needs dumped. ” Features of Tyneside dialect (North-Eastern England): double modals, double negatives, ‘need’ + ‘-ed’ (instead of ‘-ing’) + Lexical borrowing from Scottish: ‘disjaskit’ = ‘worn out’ / ‘completely ruined’ different dialects differences in pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar Seminar: Examenskolloquium Linguistik 0 Winter Term 05/06

Linguistics Sociolinguistics: Regional and Social Varieties IV. Regional Variation: The starting point Conducting research on regional variation: 1) Collect data / samples on regional variation 2) Define geographical areas where the same dialectal features occur (‘linguistic areas’) 3) Establish a dialect map regional dialect continuum Q: So far, this could have been done by a dialectologist, but where exactly does the sociolinguists work come in? A: Once we have identified a linguistic variable, we have to collect further data to assess the social distribution of the variants of that particular variable, e. g. find out about the social stratification of the use of the RP accent as compared to possible variants of RP (“standard” vs. “vernacular” use). Seminar: Examenskolloquium Linguistik 0 Winter Term 05/06

Linguistics Sociolinguistics: Regional and Social Varieties V. Social Variation Q: What does regional variation have to do with social variation? Example: RP – a social accent Highest class: RP (ca 5% of British population) Social variation / “Social ladder” Lowest class: most localized accents Regional variation Seminar: Examenskolloquium Linguistik 0 Winter Term 05/06

Linguistics Sociolinguistics: Regional and Social Varieties V. Social Variation Q: What does regional variation have to do with social variation? Social and regional dialect variation Highest class: standard dialect A limited amount of grammatical variation is possible. Compare St. E: • “I’ve not washed the dishes yet. ” • “I haven’t washed the dishes yet. ” Social variation / “Social ladder” Lowest class: most localized non-standard (‘vernaculars’) Regional variation Seminar: Examenskolloquium Linguistik 0 Winter Term 05/06

Linguistics Sociolinguistics: Regional and Social Varieties V. Social Variation Q: What does regional variation have to do with social variation? A: By referring to the previously mentioned social dimensions the use of a social variety can reveal a speaker’s • social status / background • gender • age • ethnicity + (many) other social factors People can accommodate their language (e. g. code-switch) according to their communicative competence (Dell Hymes). = We can move up and down the ‘social ladder’. Seminar: Examenskolloquium Linguistik 0 Winter Term 05/06

Linguistics Sociolinguistics: Regional and Social Varieties V. Sociolinguistic Competence Definition: “The knowledge which underlies people’s ability to use language appropriately. ” (Janet Holmes) Variation in multilingual speech communities Example: code-switching Young British Portuguese using • Portuguese at home and at church • English in all other domains of life because it is appropriate language use for them. (Other examples include the use and explain the existence of lingua francas, pidgins and creoles. ) Seminar: Examenskolloquium Linguistik 0 Winter Term 05/06

Linguistics Sociolinguistics: Regional and Social Varieties V. Sociolinguistic Competence Variation in monolingual speech communities Learning to use the community lge in a way which reflects one’s membership of various overlapping social groups: family friends My own private sociolinguistic competence partner Seminar: Examenskolloquium Linguistik colleagues 0 Winter Term 05/06